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What is the most common type of dementia in older adults?
- A. Alzheimer's disease
- B. Vascular dementia
- C. Lewy body dementia
- D. Frontotemporal dementia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Alzheimer's disease. It is the most common type of dementia in older adults, accounting for around 60-80% of cases. Alzheimer's is characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline. Vascular dementia (B) is caused by impaired blood flow to the brain, Lewy body dementia (C) is characterized by abnormal protein deposits in the brain, and Frontotemporal dementia (D) affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to changes in behavior and personality. However, in older adults, Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form of dementia due to its widespread impact on memory and cognition.
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The nurse is performing a basic assessment on an older client. Which of the following is a common age-related change?
- A. Decreased skin elasticity and thinning
- B. Increased muscle mass
- C. Increased cardiac output
- D. Increased renal filtration rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Aging causes decreased collagen production, leading to decreased skin elasticity and thinning.
2. Loss of subcutaneous fat contributes to the appearance of aging skin.
3. Wrinkles and sagging are common signs of decreased skin elasticity in older adults.
4. Increased muscle mass, increased cardiac output, and increased renal filtration rate are not typical age-related changes.
Summary: Skin changes such as decreased elasticity and thinning are common in older adults due to reduced collagen production and loss of subcutaneous fat. Increased muscle mass, cardiac output, and renal filtration rate are not typical age-related changes.
According to Healthy People 2020, older adults have been identified as a priority, with a goal to improve their health, function, and quality of life. Identify the targeted chronic focus areas for improvement.
- A. Diabetes
- B. Arthritis
- C. Congestive heart failure
- D. Dementia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diabetes. Healthy People 2020 focuses on improving the health of older adults, and diabetes is a chronic condition prevalent in this population. It can significantly impact health, function, and quality of life if not managed properly. Diabetes can lead to complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and vision problems. By targeting diabetes, the goal is to prevent these complications and improve overall health outcomes for older adults.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Arthritis - While arthritis is common in older adults, it is not a targeted chronic focus area identified by Healthy People 2020 for this population.
C: Congestive heart failure - Although heart health is important, congestive heart failure is not specifically highlighted as a priority for improvement in older adults by Healthy People 2020.
D: Dementia - Dementia is a serious concern in the aging population, but it is not one of the targeted chronic focus areas identified by Healthy People 202
Which factor is most closely associated with cognitive decline in older adults?
- A. Genetic predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases
- B. Limited physical activity and poor nutrition
- C. Social engagement and mental stimulation
- D. Early retirement and lack of work-related stress
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because limited physical activity and poor nutrition have been consistently linked to cognitive decline in older adults. Physical activity promotes blood flow to the brain, which helps with cognitive function. Additionally, a balanced diet rich in nutrients supports brain health. Genetic predisposition (A) can play a role but is not the most closely associated factor. Social engagement and mental stimulation (C) are beneficial for cognitive health but not the primary factor for decline. Early retirement and lack of work-related stress (D) are not directly linked to cognitive decline.
A paper on culture and illness would likely include the statement that
- A. Culture is the same as ethnicity.
- B. Ethnic groups always share common geographic origin and religion.
- C. Ethnicity involves recognized traditions, symbols, and literature.
- D. Most members of an ethnic group exhibit identical cultural traits.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because ethnicity involves recognized traditions, symbols, and literature. This statement aligns with the topic of culture and illness, as ethnicity plays a significant role in shaping cultural beliefs and practices related to health and illness. It highlights the importance of cultural elements in understanding how different ethnic groups perceive and address health issues.
A: Culture is not the same as ethnicity; culture encompasses a broader range of beliefs and practices.
B: This choice is incorrect as ethnic groups can have diverse origins and religions.
D: Most members of an ethnic group do not exhibit identical cultural traits as cultural diversity exists within ethnic groups.
The nurse is performing an assessment on an older adult client. What assessment data would indicate a potential complication associated with the skin of this client?
- A. Crusting
- B. Wrinkling
- C. Thinning/loss of elasticity of skin
- D. Crusting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Crusting. In older adults, crusting on the skin can indicate a potential complication such as infection, dermatitis, or impaired wound healing. Crusting may result from dryness, scratching, or poor circulation. It is essential for the nurse to assess and address the underlying cause promptly to prevent further complications.
B: Wrinkling is a normal part of aging and not necessarily indicative of a complication unless it is severe and associated with other symptoms.
C: Thinning/loss of elasticity of skin is a common age-related change and may not always indicate a complication unless it is excessive.
D: Crusting is a duplicate answer.