Nokea
What is the muscle layer on the outside of the intestinal wall called?
- A. serosa
- B. mucosa
- C. submucosa
- D. muscularis mucosae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: serosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestinal wall, providing a protective covering. Choice B, mucosa, is the innermost layer responsible for absorption. Choice C, submucosa, lies beneath the mucosa and contains blood vessels and nerves. Choice D, muscularis mucosae, is a smooth muscle layer located within the mucosa, helping to create folds in the intestinal lining to increase surface area for absorption.
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The percentage of the total daily caloric intake for healthy persons that should be supplied by carbohydrate is:
- A. 10% to 35%.
- B. 20% to 35%.
- C. 40% to 55%.
- D. 45% to 65%.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 45% to 65%. Carbohydrates should contribute between 45% to 65% of the total daily caloric intake for healthy individuals to maintain a balanced diet. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they suggest lower ranges, which may not provide sufficient energy from carbohydrates for overall health and well-being.
The mineral that helps control enzyme actions in cell mitochondria that produce and store high-energy compounds is:
- A. iron.
- B. cobalt.
- C. hemoglobin.
- D. vitamin B12.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is iron. Iron is essential for enzyme function and energy production within the mitochondria. While cobalt is important for certain enzymes, it is not the primary mineral involved in this specific function. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, not a mineral involved in enzyme actions. Vitamin B12 is crucial for nerve function and DNA synthesis but is not directly related to controlling enzyme actions in mitochondria.
What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) represent?
- A. a replacement for Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs).
- B. a safe level of intake for people of all ages.
- C. a potentially toxic level of intake of a nutrient.
- D. the highest amount of a nutrient that can be safely consumed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) represents the highest amount of a nutrient that can be safely consumed without causing adverse health effects. It is not a replacement for Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) (choice A) which are nutrient intake recommendations. While the UL is established to prevent toxicity, it is not a completely safe level for people of all ages (choice B). It is also not a potentially toxic level of intake of a nutrient (choice C), but rather the level that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects.
Individuals with optimal nutritional status differ from those with marginal nutritional status in their:
- A. nutrient reserves.
- B. clinical signs.
- C. body weight.
- D. risk of mental illness.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Individuals with optimal nutritional status differ from those with marginal nutritional status in their nutrient reserves. Optimal nutritional status implies having adequate nutrient reserves, which is lacking in marginal status. Clinical signs (choice B) may or may not be present in both groups and are not the differentiating factor between optimal and marginal statuses. Body weight (choice C) can vary for reasons other than nutritional status. The risk of mental illness (choice D) is not directly related to the comparison between optimal and marginal nutritional status.
For a healthy person, what percentage of daily calories should be supplied by protein?
- A. 5% to 10%.
- B. 10% to 35%.
- C. more than 25%.
- D. more than 35%.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 10% to 35%. For a healthy person, it is recommended that 10% to 35% of their daily caloric intake should come from protein. This range ensures an adequate intake of protein for various bodily functions without overdoing it. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they suggest percentages either below the recommended range (A, C) or exceeding it (D), which could lead to nutritional imbalances or health issues.