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What is the name of the condition characterized by inflammation of the small intestine?
- A. Appendicitis
- B. Celiac disease
- C. Gastritis
- D. Crohn's disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A) Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, not the small intestine.
B) Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption that damages the small intestine, but it is not characterized by inflammation alone.
C) Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, not the small intestine.
D) Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but it commonly involves the small intestine. Symptoms of Crohn's disease include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue.
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Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor for proper absorption?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin B12
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach, for proper absorption in the small intestine. Intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 and facilitates its absorption in the ileum. Deficiency in intrinsic factor can lead to pernicious anemia, a condition characterized by a lack of vitamin B12 absorption. Options A, B, and C are incorrect. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of bile salts; Vitamin C is absorbed in the small intestine via active transport; Vitamin D is absorbed in the small intestine through a process involving bile salts and micelles. It is essential for students to understand this relationship as it highlights the importance of intrinsic factor in the absorption of specific vitamins and the consequences of its deficiency.
What is the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?
- A. To trap dust particles
- B. To increase lung compliance
- C. To produce mucus
- D. To generate oxygen during respiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To increase lung compliance. Surfactant is a substance produced by type II alveolar cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli. This reduction in surface tension helps to increase lung compliance, making it easier for the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. Improved lung compliance is essential for efficient gas exchange in the respiratory system, facilitating oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because surfactant does not trap dust particles, produce mucus, or generate oxygen during respiration. Instead, its primary function lies in reducing surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse and improve lung compliance for optimal gas exchange.
According to Newton's third law of motion, if you push against a wall with a certain force, the wall will push back with:
- A. A smaller force
- B. An equal force
- C. A greater force
- D. No force at all
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When you push against a wall with a certain force, the wall will push back on you with an equal force in the opposite direction. Choice A is incorrect because the wall exerts an equal force back. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests a greater force, which goes against Newton's third law. Choice D is incorrect as the wall does exert a force back in response to your push.
What is the primary function of hair on the human body?
- A. Insulation
- B. Sensory perception
- C. Protection
- D. Vitamin D synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of hair on the human body is protection. Hair acts as a barrier to protect the skin from external factors such as sunlight, dust, and other environmental elements. While hair can also provide some insulation by trapping heat near the body and contribute to sensory perception by detecting touch or movements, its main role is to safeguard the skin from potential harm, making protection the most essential function. Vitamin D synthesis is primarily related to the skin's exposure to sunlight and is not a direct function of hair.
During vigorous exercise, why does the respiratory rate increase?
- A. Meet the increased demand for oxygen in working muscles
- B. Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly
- C. Conserve energy for physical activity
- D. Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During vigorous exercise, the muscles require more oxygen to produce energy for physical activity. The increased respiratory rate helps to deliver more oxygen to the working muscles to meet this demand. This process is essential for sustaining physical activity and preventing fatigue. Choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the purpose of the increased respiratory rate during vigorous exercise. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B, 'Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly,' is inaccurate as the primary reason for the increased respiratory rate during exercise is to meet the increased demand for oxygen, not to eliminate carbon dioxide. Choice C, 'Conserve energy for physical activity,' is incorrect because increasing the respiratory rate actually expends energy to meet the oxygen demand of the working muscles. Choice D, 'Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body,' is incorrect as the increased respiratory rate is specifically to deliver more oxygen to the body during exercise.