Nokea
What is the primary consideration of susceptibility to infections in neonates?
- A. Increased humoral immunity
- B. Overwhelming anti-inflammatory response
- C. Diminished nonspecific and specific immunity
- D. Excessive levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary consideration of susceptibility to infections in neonates is their diminished nonspecific and specific immunity. Neonates lack the ability to mount a robust immune response, making them vulnerable to infections. Choice A is incorrect because neonates do not have increased humoral immunity; rather, their humoral immunity is diminished. Choice B is incorrect as neonates do not have an overwhelming anti-inflammatory response; instead, their immune responses are generally weakened. Choice D is incorrect because neonates have diminished or absent levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M, contributing to their susceptibility to infections.
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When assessing a child with leukemia, which clinical manifestations should the nurse anticipate?
- A. Petechiae, fever, fatigue
- B. Headache, papilledema, irritability
- C. Muscle wasting, weight loss, fatigue
- D. Decreased intracranial pressure, psychosis, confusion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Petechiae, fever, fatigue. Children with leukemia commonly present with petechiae (due to low platelet count), fever (due to infection), and fatigue (due to anemia), which are classic manifestations of the disease. Option B is incorrect because headache, papilledema, and irritability are more indicative of increased intracranial pressure, not leukemia. Option C is incorrect as muscle wasting and weight loss are not typical initial manifestations of leukemia in children. Option D is incorrect as decreased intracranial pressure, psychosis, and confusion are not commonly associated with leukemia.
A preschool-age boy presents to the outpatient clinic for a sore throat. In the child's mind, which is the most likely cause for the sore throat?
- A. Being exposed to a classmate with strep throat
- B. Not eating the right foods
- C. Not taking daily vitamins
- D. Yelling at sibling for being annoying
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Preschool-age children often attribute illness to their actions, like yelling at a sibling or not following instructions. They may not understand medical causes such as exposure to infections like strep throat (choice A), dietary factors (choice B), or vitamin deficiencies (choice C). It is common for young children to connect symptoms to recent behaviors or events within their limited understanding.
What statement is descriptive of renal transplantation in children?
- A. It is an acceptable means of treatment after age 10 years.
- B. Children can receive kidneys only from other children.
- C. It is the preferred means of renal replacement therapy in children.
- D. The decision for transplantation is difficult because a relatively normal lifestyle is not possible.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Renal transplantation is the preferred method of treatment for children with end-stage renal disease, as it offers the best chance for a normal lifestyle compared to long-term dialysis. Transplantation can be performed at any age, and kidneys can come from adult donors as well.
What nursing consideration is most important when caring for a child with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
- A. Children with ESRD usually adapt well to minor inconveniences of treatment.
- B. Children with ESRD require extensive support until they outgrow the condition.
- C. Multiple stresses are placed on children with ESRD and their families until the illness is cured.
- D. Multiple stresses are placed on children with ESRD and their families because children's lives are maintained by drugs and artificial means.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ESRD places significant stress on both the child and the family due to the ongoing need for dialysis, medications, and lifestyle restrictions, making it important for healthcare providers to offer extensive support and resources to manage these challenges.
The nurse is caring for a child with acute renal failure. What laboratory findings should the nurse expect to find? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Hyponatremia
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. All are applicable
- D. Elevated blood urea nitrogen level
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In acute renal failure, laboratory findings typically include hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels due to the kidneys' inability to excrete waste and balance electrolytes. Metabolic alkalosis is less common, with metabolic acidosis being more typical.