Nokea
What is the primary difference between healing by primary intention and healing by secondary intention?
- A. Secondary healing requires surgical debridement for healing to occur.
- B. Primary healing involves suturing two layers of granulation tissue together.
- C. Presence of more granulation tissue in secondary healing results in more scarring.
- D. Healing by secondary intention takes longer because more steps in the healing process are necessary.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Healing by secondary intention involves more granulation tissue formation compared to primary intention, leading to greater scarring. Secondary intention also requires additional time for wound closure.
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Dendritic cells migrating from tissues enter the lymph nodes through
- A. Thoracic duct
- B. HEV
- C. Afferent lymphatics
- D. Efferent lymphatics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Afferent lymphatics. Dendritic cells migrate from tissues to lymph nodes through afferent lymphatics, which are small vessels that carry lymph into the lymph nodes. Once inside the lymph nodes, dendritic cells interact with T cells to initiate immune responses. The thoracic duct (A) drains lymph from the entire body into the bloodstream, not directly into lymph nodes. High endothelial venules (HEV) (B) are specialized blood vessels in lymph nodes where lymphocytes enter from the bloodstream, not dendritic cells. Efferent lymphatics (D) carry lymph out of the lymph nodes, not into them.
Which types of hypersensitivity are mediated by antibodies?
- A. Type I, II, III, and IV
- B. Type I, II, III, and V
- C. Type I and IV only
- D. Type III and IV only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Type I, II, III, and V.
- Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies and immediate allergic reactions.
- Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies attacking self-antigens on cells.
- Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition.
- Type V hypersensitivity involves autoantibodies stimulating receptors.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not include all types of hypersensitivity mediated by antibodies as specified in the question.
What discovery is attributed to Elie Metchnikoff?
- A. Antitoxins
- B. Phagocytosis
- C. Germ theory of disease
- D. Smallpox eradication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phagocytosis. Elie Metchnikoff is credited with discovering phagocytosis, the process in which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles or microorganisms. He observed this phenomenon in starfish larvae, leading to a groundbreaking understanding of how immune cells defend the body against pathogens.
Choice A (Antitoxins) is incorrect because although Metchnikoff made contributions to immunology, his notable discovery was phagocytosis, not antitoxins. Choice C (Germ theory of disease) is incorrect as this theory was developed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Choice D (Smallpox eradication) is incorrect as this achievement is primarily attributed to the efforts of Edward Jenner and the World Health Organization.
What is the most common cause of secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
- A. Chronic stress
- B. T-cell deficiency from HIV
- C. Drug-induced immunosuppression
- D. Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Drug-induced immunosuppression is a frequent cause of secondary immunodeficiency, often due to medications used in treating other conditions.
In immune response mechanism clonal selection is a process in which:
- A. a special type of clone cell line is identified in a cell culture
- B. the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes occur in response to a specific antigen
- C. cloning of a specific gene is done by inserting the same into a bacteria by recombinant DNA technology
- D. selection of an appropriate cell type is done for the purpose of cloning
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because in immune response mechanism, clonal selection refers to the process where lymphocytes (T and B cells) proliferate and differentiate in response to a specific antigen. This process ensures that the immune system can effectively target and eliminate pathogens.
Option A is incorrect because clonal selection does not refer to identifying a specific type of clone cell line in cell culture.
Option C is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve cloning a specific gene by inserting it into bacteria using recombinant DNA technology.
Option D is incorrect because clonal selection is not about selecting an appropriate cell type for cloning purposes.
In summary, the correct answer, option B, best describes the process of clonal selection in the context of the immune response mechanism.