Adaptive Immune System Quizlet

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What is the primary function of anaphylotoxins (e.g., C3a, C4a, C5a) in the immune system?

  • A. Suppressing inflammation
  • B. Facilitating antigen presentation
  • C. Inducing inflammation and recruiting immune cells
  • D. Neutralizing pathogens
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inducing inflammation and recruiting immune cells. Anaphylotoxins, such as C3a, C4a, and C5a, are small molecules that are released during complement activation. They play a crucial role in enhancing inflammation by attracting immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

1. Anaphylotoxins induce inflammation by stimulating the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
2. They promote vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, allowing immune cells to easily reach the affected area.
3. Anaphylotoxins also act as chemoattractants, recruiting neutrophils, macrophages, and other immune cells to the site of inflammation to help fight against pathogens.
4. These molecules do not suppress inflammation (choice A), facilitate antigen presentation (choice B), or neutralize pathogens (choice D). Their primary function is to amplify the immune response by inducing inflammation and recruiting immune cells to combat infections

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PNAd is expressed on

  • A. HEV
  • B. Lymphocytes
  • C. Dendritic cells
  • D. Thymus
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: HEV (High Endothelial Venules). PNAd is a ligand expressed on high endothelial venules, which helps in the recruitment of lymphocytes from the bloodstream into secondary lymphoid organs. PNAd is not primarily expressed on lymphocytes themselves (B) or dendritic cells (C). While PNAd can be involved in thymocyte migration to the thymus, it is not expressed on the thymus itself (D). Thus, the correct answer is A as it directly relates to the function and location of PNAd expression.

In reference to the flow diagram below respond to the following question. The annotation A refers to which sites

  • A. Annealing
  • B. Melting
  • C. Restriction
  • D. RNAse
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Restriction. In a flow diagram, the annotation "Restriction" likely indicates the site where a DNA molecule is being cut by a restriction enzyme. This process is essential in molecular biology for DNA manipulation.

Choice A: Annealing involves the process of complementary DNA strands coming together, usually during PCR or hybridization.

Choice B: Melting refers to the separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands, often seen in denaturation steps.

Choice D: RNAse is an enzyme that specifically degrades RNA molecules, not involved in the DNA manipulation processes indicated in the diagram.

Examples of disease-modifying drugs used to treat autoimmune disease include

  • A. Corticosteroids
  • B. Aspirin
  • C. Anti-TNF-α
  • D. C-cell depleting agents
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C (Anti-TNF-α) is correct:
1. Anti-TNF-α drugs target specific molecules involved in autoimmune responses.
2. By inhibiting TNF-α, these drugs reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
3. This makes them disease-modifying, as they alter the course of the autoimmune disease.

Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory but not disease-modifying in autoimmune diseases.
B: Aspirin is primarily used for pain relief and reducing inflammation, not modifying the disease.
D: C-cell depleting agents are not commonly used for autoimmune diseases and do not target TNF-α.

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

  • A. Producing red blood cells
  • B. Filtering lymph and facilitating immune responses
  • C. Synthesizing antibodies
  • D. Generating cytokines
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of lymph nodes is to filter lymph and facilitate immune responses. Lymph nodes contain immune cells that help recognize and fight off infections. They filter lymph by trapping and removing pathogens and foreign particles. This process helps in activating the immune response to protect the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because lymph nodes do not produce red blood cells, synthesize antibodies, or generate cytokines. These functions are carried out by other organs and cells in the body.

How do regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis?

  • A. By killing infected cells
  • B. By producing pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • C. By suppressing immune responses using IL-10
  • D. By activating macrophages
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis by suppressing immune responses using IL-10. Tregs release IL-10, which inhibits the activity of effector T cells and other immune cells, preventing excessive immune responses and maintaining balance. This mechanism helps prevent autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Tregs do not kill infected cells, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, or activate macrophages. Instead, Tregs focus on regulating and dampening immune responses to maintain overall immune balance.

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