Nokea
What is the primary mode of transmission for tetanus?
- A. Ingestion of contaminated food
- B. Inhalation of droplets
- C. Contaminated wounds
- D. Direct physical contact
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Contaminated wounds. Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which enters the body through breaks in the skin such as wounds or cuts. The bacteria produce a toxin that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms. Ingestion of contaminated food (choice A) is not a mode of transmission for tetanus. Inhalation of droplets (choice B) is more relevant for respiratory infections. Direct physical contact (choice D) is not the primary mode of transmission for tetanus as the bacteria need a portal of entry such as a wound to cause infection.
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Which of the following bacteria are unable to synthesize ATP?
- A. Chlamydia
- B. Enterococci
- C. Rickettsia
- D. Staphylococci
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chlamydia. Chlamydia lacks the essential enzymes for ATP synthesis and relies on host cell ATP. Enterococci, Rickettsia, and Staphylococci possess the necessary enzymes for ATP synthesis through cellular respiration. Chlamydia's inability to synthesize ATP makes it dependent on the host cell for energy production, distinguishing it from the other bacteria listed.
Acute hemorrhagic cystitis may be due to:
- A. Parvovirus B19
- B. CMV
- C. Adenovirus
- D. Herpesvirus type 2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for choice C (Adenovirus) being correct:
1. Adenovirus is a common cause of acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
2. Adenovirus infects the bladder epithelium, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
3. Symptoms include hematuria and bladder pain.
4. Diagnosis is confirmed through viral culture or PCR testing.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Parvovirus B19 - More commonly associated with erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) and aplastic anemia.
B: CMV - Known to cause congenital infections, mononucleosis, and retinitis, not typically associated with hemorrhagic cystitis.
D: Herpesvirus type 2 - Commonly causes genital herpes, but not typically associated with acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
A bacteriological laboratory received sputum sample of a patient suffering from tuberculosis. Bacterioscopic examination of smears and detection of tuberculosis bacillus can be realized by one of enrichment methods that involves processing of sputum only with solution of caustic soda. What is this method called?
- A. Homogenization
- B. Inactivation
- C. Flotation
- D. Filtration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inactivation. In this method, the sputum sample is processed with a solution of caustic soda, which helps to kill any contaminants present and preserve the tuberculosis bacillus for microscopic examination. This step is crucial in ensuring accurate detection of the bacillus.
A: Homogenization involves breaking down the sample to make it uniform, but it does not necessarily involve using caustic soda for inactivation.
C: Flotation is a method used to separate different components based on their density and is not specific to inactivating tuberculosis bacillus.
D: Filtration involves passing a sample through a filter to separate particles based on size and is not related to inactivating the tuberculosis bacillus.
An inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication following a group A streptococcal infection is:
- A. endocarditis
- B. rheumatic fever
- C. nephritis
- D. cytomegalovirus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can occur as a complication following a group A streptococcal infection. This is known as a post-streptococcal complication. It typically affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain. Endocarditis (choice A) is also a complication of streptococcal infections, but it is an infection of the heart valves, not an inflammatory disease like rheumatic fever. Nephritis (choice C) is inflammation of the kidneys and is not directly related to streptococcal infections. Cytomegalovirus (choice D) is a different viral infection and is not associated with streptococcal infections.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause:
- A. Burn wounds infection, severe pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis, nosocomial infections
- B. Food poisoning
- C. Bacterial pharyngitis
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for answer A:
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to cause burn wounds infections due to its ability to survive in moist environments.
2. It can cause severe pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis due to its resistance to antibiotics and ability to form biofilms.
3. It is a common cause of nosocomial infections in hospitals due to its ability to colonize medical equipment and surfaces.
Summary of other choices:
B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa typically does not cause food poisoning, as it is not a common pathogen associated with foodborne illnesses.
C. Bacterial pharyngitis is usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, not Pseudomonas aeruginosa, making this choice incorrect.
D. None of the above is incorrect as Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with specific infections mentioned in option A.