Nokea
What is the process by which muscle tissue wastes away due to disuse or lack of nutrients?
- A. Hypertrophy
- B. Atrophy
- C. Fibrosis
- D. Rigor mortis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is the correct term for the process by which muscle tissue wastes away due to disuse or lack of nutrients. It is essential to differentiate atrophy from hypertrophy, which is the increase in muscle size due to exercise or strength training. Fibrosis involves the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue, which is distinct from muscle wasting. Rigor mortis, on the other hand, is the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death and is not related to muscle wasting during life.
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Histamine, released during an allergic reaction, causes symptoms like:
- A. Fever and fatigue
- B. Runny nose and itchiness
- C. Muscle aches and joint pain
- D. Cough and shortness of breath
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine is a chemical released by the immune system during an allergic reaction. It is responsible for causing symptoms such as a runny nose, itchiness, sneezing, and watery eyes. These symptoms are commonly seen in allergies like hay fever. Fever and fatigue (option A) are not typically caused by histamine release during an allergic reaction. Muscle aches and joint pain (option C) are not common symptoms of histamine release in allergic reactions. Cough and shortness of breath (option D) are more commonly associated with asthma or respiratory allergies rather than histamine release.
What is the term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?
- A. Molarity
- B. Molality
- C. Normality
- D. Concentration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Molarity is the correct term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is expressed as moles of solute divided by liters of solution. Molality (B) is similar but is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Normality (C) is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution, and Concentration (D) is a general term for the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution. Therefore, the correct answer is A, molarity, as it specifically refers to moles of solute per liter of solution.
Which term refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow?
- A. Density
- B. Viscosity
- C. Surface tension
- D. Boiling point
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Viscosity is the term that refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow. It is a measure of how thick or sticky a fluid is and determines how easily a liquid can flow. Density (A) is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume and is not related to the resistance of a liquid to flow. Surface tension (C) is the property of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of its molecules, but it is not directly related to the resistance of a liquid to flow. Boiling point (D) is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor and is not a measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow.
If you compare a 1 M solution of NaCl to a 1 M solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water, which solution would have the higher boiling point?
- A. The NaCl solution
- B. The glucose solution
- C. They would have the same boiling point
- D. It depends on the temperature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: 1. Boiling point elevation: When a solute is added to a solvent, it raises the boiling point of the solution compared to the pure solvent. This phenomenon is known as boiling point elevation.
2. Van't Hoff factor: The extent of boiling point elevation depends on the number of particles the solute dissociates into in the solution. NaCl dissociates into two ions (Na+ and Cl-) in water, while glucose does not dissociate into ions. Therefore, NaCl has a higher Van't Hoff factor than glucose.
3. Colligative properties: Boiling point elevation is a colligative property, meaning it depends on the concentration of the solute particles, not the identity of the solute. Since both NaCl and glucose are 1 M solutions, the NaCl solution will have a higher boiling point due to its higher Van't Hoff factor.
4. Conclusion: The NaCl solution
Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, is released in response to low blood sugar levels and stimulates the release of glucose into the bloodstream?
- A. Insulin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Cortisol
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucagon is the hormone produced by the pancreas that is released in response to low blood sugar levels. It acts to stimulate the release of glucose into the bloodstream by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Insulin, conversely, is released in response to high blood sugar levels and promotes the uptake of glucose by cells. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates metabolism and the immune response. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism but is not involved in responding to low blood sugar levels.