Nokea
What is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
- A. Blood
- B. Cerebrospinal fluid
- C. Myelin sheath
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cerebrospinal fluid is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a cushion to protect these vital organs from injury and provides nutrients and removes waste products. Blood, myelin sheath, and insulin do not serve as the protective fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, myelin sheath is a protective covering of nerve fibers, and insulin is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels.
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What is the name for the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?
- A. Meiosis
- B. Mitosis
- C. Fission
- D. Binary fission
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mitosis is the correct process by which a cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Fission refers to the division of a single-celled organism into two separate organisms, while binary fission specifically describes the division of prokaryotic cells. Therefore, the correct answer is Mitosis as it accurately represents the process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells.
What is the primary function of the coronary arteries in the cardiovascular system?
- A. Carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
- B. Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle
- C. Pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation
- D. Regulate blood pressure in the systemic circulation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary function of the coronary arteries is to carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Oxygenated blood is crucial for providing nutrients and oxygen to the heart muscle cells, enabling the heart to work efficiently. Without this oxygenated blood supply, the heart muscle may not receive the required nutrients and oxygen, potentially resulting in heart damage or dysfunction. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as coronary arteries do not carry deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle, pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation, or regulate blood pressure in the systemic circulation. The coronary arteries specifically supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle to support its function and vitality.
The spleen, a large lymphatic organ, is located in the:
- A. Chest
- B. Abdomen
- C. Pelvis
- D. Head and neck
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The spleen is located in the abdomen, specifically in the upper left part of the abdomen, under the ribcage and above the stomach. It is an important organ in the lymphatic system responsible for filtering blood, storing blood cells, and fighting infection. It is not located in the chest, pelvis, or head and neck regions. Therefore, the correct answer is 'B: Abdomen.' Choices 'A: Chest,' 'C: Pelvis,' and 'D: Head and neck' are incorrect as the spleen is not situated in these anatomical areas.
What is the breakdown product of creatine phosphate, an energy source used for short bursts of muscle activity?
- A. Glucose
- B. Lactic acid
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Creatine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Creatine phosphate is utilized as an immediate energy source for short bursts of muscle activity. When it breaks down, it yields lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid accumulation during intense exercise can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness. Therefore, the correct answer is lactic acid. The other choices are incorrect: Glucose is a different energy source derived from carbohydrates; Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, not specifically from creatine phosphate breakdown; Creatine is the precursor compound to creatine phosphate and is not the breakdown product.
At which step in the scientific method might a scientist create a model?
- A. Hypothesis
- B. Data analysis
- C. Experimentation
- D. Conclusion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the scientific method, scientists often create models during the hypothesis stage. Creating models at this stage helps visualize or simulate ideas before proceeding to experimentation and data analysis. Models are valuable tools that allow scientists to conceptualize and test their ideas before conducting experiments to gather data and draw conclusions. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, data analysis, occurs after experiments have been conducted and data has been collected, making it an incorrect choice. Choice C, experimentation, involves conducting tests and observations based on the hypothesis, but the creation of models typically happens before this stage. Choice D, conclusion, is the final step where scientists interpret the results and draw implications, making it an inappropriate step for creating a model.