Nokea
What is the recommended method of administering hepatitis B vaccine to a newborn?
- A. Intramuscular injection
- B. Oral administration
- C. Topical application
- D. Subcutaneous injection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Intramuscular injection. Administering hepatitis B vaccine via intramuscular injection ensures proper absorption and immune response. Injecting into the muscle allows for efficient delivery to the bloodstream. Oral administration (B) is not effective as the vaccine may be degraded in the digestive system. Topical application (C) and subcutaneous injection (D) are not recommended for hepatitis B vaccine due to inadequate absorption and immune response.
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Which stage of labor is characterized by the birth of the baby?
- A. First stage
- B. Second stage
- C. Third stage
- D. Fourth stage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Second stage. This stage of labor is characterized by the birth of the baby. It begins with complete dilation of the cervix and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, contractions are strong and frequent, helping to push the baby out. The first stage (choice A) involves the onset of labor and the opening of the cervix. The third stage (choice C) involves the delivery of the placenta. The fourth stage (choice D) is the immediate postpartum period. Choices E, F, and G are not relevant to the stages of labor.
Which of the following is a potential cause of female infertility?
- A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- B. Endometriosis
- C. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Female infertility can be caused by PCOS, endometriosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
A nurse is assessing a newborn who was born at 26 weeks of gestation using the New Ballard Score. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?
- A. Minimal arm recoil
- B. Popliteal angle of 90°
- C. Creases over the entire foot sole
- D. Raised areolas with 3 to 4 mm buds
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Minimal arm recoil. In premature newborns, the lack of muscle tone results in minimal arm recoil, which is a characteristic finding in the New Ballard Score for assessing gestational age. This is due to the immaturity of the neuromuscular system in premature infants. Choice B, popliteal angle of 90°, is incorrect as flexion of the hips and knees is more common in preterm infants. Choice C, creases over the entire foot sole, is incorrect as full development of foot sole creases is seen in term infants. Choice D, raised areolas with 3 to 4 mm buds, is incorrect as these are signs of breast development and are not specific to gestational age assessment.
What is the primary ethical principle guiding nursing practice in maternal and newborn healthcare?
- A. Autonomy
- B. Non-maleficence
- C. Beneficence
- D. Justice
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Beneficence. In maternal and newborn healthcare, beneficence is the primary ethical principle guiding nursing practice. This principle emphasizes the nurse's duty to promote the well-being and best interests of both the mother and the newborn. Nurses must act in a way that benefits their patients and ensures their safety and health. Autonomy (A) focuses on respecting the patient's right to make their own decisions, which is important but not the primary principle in this context. Non-maleficence (B) involves avoiding harm, which is essential but not the primary guiding principle here. Justice (D) pertains to fairness in healthcare access and resource allocation, which is also crucial but not the primary ethical principle for maternal and newborn healthcare.
A nurse is assessing a client who is postpartum following a cesarean birth. The client states, 'I feel like I have to urinate but I can’t go.' Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Assist the client to ambulate to the bathroom
- B. Insert an indwelling urinary catheter
- C. Perform a bladder scan to assess for urinary retention
- D. Administer a diuretic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assist the client to ambulate to the bathroom. This action helps in promoting normal voiding patterns post-cesarean birth. Ambulation can aid in relieving pressure on the bladder, stimulating the urge to urinate, and facilitating the flow of urine. It also promotes circulation, which can help in reducing the risk of urinary retention.
Choice B: Inserting an indwelling urinary catheter should not be the initial intervention as it carries a risk of introducing infection and may not be necessary at this point.
Choice C: Performing a bladder scan can be considered if the client is unable to void after ambulation and other interventions have been attempted.
Choice D: Administering a diuretic is not appropriate in this situation as the client is experiencing difficulty in urinating rather than retaining excessive urine.
In summary, assisting the client to ambulate to the bathroom is the most appropriate initial action to address the client's complaint and promote normal voiding.