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What is the recommended method of pain relief during labor for a woman who wants to avoid medication?
- A. Acupuncture
- B. Massage
- C. Water immersion
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Acupuncture, massage, and water immersion are all recommended methods for pain relief during labor for women who want to avoid medication. Acupuncture can help release endorphins, which are natural pain relievers. Massage can reduce muscle tension and promote relaxation. Water immersion, such as in a birthing pool, can provide buoyancy and comfort, easing the intensity of contractions. Each of these methods offers non-pharmacological pain relief options that can be effective during labor. Therefore, choosing all of the above options provides a comprehensive approach to managing pain without medication.
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What is the function of the cervix during pregnancy?
- A. To secrete mucus that prevents infection
- B. To protect the fetus from trauma
- C. To regulate fetal temperature
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: To secrete mucus that prevents infection. The cervix acts as a barrier to protect the fetus from potential infections entering the uterus. The mucus produced by the cervix forms a plug that blocks the entry of harmful bacteria, reducing the risk of infection reaching the developing fetus. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the cervix primarily functions to provide a protective barrier against infections during pregnancy, rather than solely protecting the fetus from trauma, regulating fetal temperature, or encompassing all functions mentioned in the other options.
What is the recommended method of administering the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine to a newborn?
- A. Intramuscular injection
- B. Oral administration
- C. Topical application
- D. Subcutaneous injection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Intramuscular injection. Administering the hepatitis B vaccine via intramuscular injection ensures proper absorption and immune response. Muscle tissue has a rich blood supply which aids in the rapid dissemination of the vaccine components throughout the body. This method also reduces the risk of injection site reactions. Oral administration (B) is not recommended for the hepatitis B vaccine as it may not provide sufficient immune response. Topical application (C) and subcutaneous injection (D) are not appropriate due to inadequate absorption and immunogenic response.
What is the recommended method of administering erythromycin ointment to a newborn?
- A. Intramuscular injection
- B. Oral administration
- C. Topical application
- D. Subcutaneous injection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Topical application. Administering erythromycin ointment to a newborn involves applying it directly to the eyes to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis. This method ensures direct contact with the affected area, allowing for maximum effectiveness while minimizing systemic absorption and potential side effects. Intramuscular or subcutaneous injections are not appropriate for ointment administration, as they are meant for liquid medications. Oral administration would not target the eyes specifically. It is crucial to follow recommended guidelines to ensure the newborn's safety and effective treatment.
Which of the following is a potential legal issue related to maternal and newborn healthcare?
- A. Medical negligence
- B. Patient confidentiality
- C. Informed consent
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Legal issues in maternal and newborn healthcare include medical negligence, patient confidentiality, and informed consent.
What is the recommended method of feeding for a premature infant?
- A. Breastfeeding
- B. Formula feeding
- C. Tube feeding
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tube feeding is often recommended for premature infants who may not have the ability to suck and swallow effectively. It ensures they receive adequate nutrition.