What is the recommended method of pain relief during labor for a woman with a high-risk pregnancy?
- A. Epidural anesthesia
- B. Spinal anesthesia
- C. Intravenous opioids
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epidural anesthesia. Epidural anesthesia is the recommended method for pain relief during labor for women with high-risk pregnancies as it provides effective pain relief while allowing the mother to remain conscious and able to actively participate in the birthing process. Epidurals can be adjusted to provide varying levels of pain relief and are considered safe for both the mother and the baby. Spinal anesthesia (B) is typically used for cesarean sections and may not be suitable for the entire labor process. Intravenous opioids (C) are less commonly used due to potential side effects on the baby. Choice D is incorrect as not all methods are recommended for high-risk pregnancies.
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A nurse is caring for a client who is at 33 weeks of gestation following an amniocentesis. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following complications?
- A. Vomiting
- B. Hypertension
- C. Epigastric pain
- D. Contractions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Contractions can indicate preterm labor, a potential complication following amniocentesis. Vomiting, hypertension, and epigastric pain are less directly related to the procedure.
What is the most common type of anesthesia used during labor?
- A. Epidural
- B. Spinal
- C. General
- D. Local
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epidural. Epidural anesthesia is the most common type used during labor because it provides pain relief while allowing the mother to remain awake and actively participate in the delivery. It works by blocking nerve signals in the lower spine, numbing the lower half of the body. This allows the mother to have a more comfortable labor experience without losing consciousness. Spinal anesthesia (B) is similar but is typically used for cesarean sections. General anesthesia (C) is rarely used during labor due to the potential risks to the baby. Local anesthesia (D) is not commonly used for labor as it only numbs a small area and is not sufficient for the pain relief needed during childbirth.
Which of the following is a potential barrier to evidence-based practice in maternal and newborn healthcare?
- A. Lack of access to up-to-date research
- B. Resistance to change
- C. Limited resources
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All the options listed (lack of access to research resistance to change and limited resources) are common barriers to implementing evidence-based practice in healthcare settings. These factors can hinder the adoption of new practices and the improvement of care quality.
Which of the following is a potential cause of male infertility?
- A. Varicocele
- B. Cryptorchidism
- C. Testicular cancer
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - All of the above. Varicocele, Cryptorchidism, and Testicular cancer are all potential causes of male infertility. Varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, which can lead to reduced sperm quality. Cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, affecting sperm production. Testicular cancer can also impact fertility by affecting the function of the testes. Therefore, all three conditions can contribute to male infertility. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of them individually can cause male infertility, making D the most comprehensive and correct answer.
Which of the following is a potential ethical issue in maternal and newborn healthcare?
- A. Informed consent
- B. Patient confidentiality
- C. End-of-life decision-making
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. In maternal and newborn healthcare, ethical issues can arise in various aspects such as obtaining informed consent for procedures, ensuring patient confidentiality, and making difficult end-of-life decisions. Informed consent is crucial to respect patient autonomy. Patient confidentiality is vital to maintain trust and privacy. End-of-life decision-making involves complex ethical considerations. Choosing D is correct as all these issues are potential ethical concerns in this specific healthcare context. Choices A, B, and C alone are not comprehensive enough to cover the range of ethical issues that can arise in maternal and newborn healthcare.