Nokea
What is the responsibility of the somatic nervous system?
- A. Breathing
- B. Thought
- C. Movement
- D. Fear
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. This system communicates sensory information and controls voluntary movements, such as walking or reaching for objects. Breathing is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which functions involuntarily. Thought processes involve complex interactions between various regions of the brain and are not directly controlled by the somatic nervous system. Fear is an emotional response that involves the limbic system of the brain and the autonomic nervous system, not the somatic nervous system.
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What is an alteration in the normal gene sequence called?
- A. DNA mutation
- B. Gene migration
- C. Polygenic inheritance
- D. Incomplete dominance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A DNA mutation is the correct term used to describe an alteration in the normal gene sequence. It refers to changes in the DNA sequence that can result in different traits or characteristics. Gene migration involves the movement of genes between populations, polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits controlled by multiple genes, and incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance where neither allele is dominant.
Which of the following correctly lists the four properties that all types of muscle tissue share?
- A. Contractile, excitable, elastic, extensible
- B. Contractile, voluntary, elastic, extensible
- C. Contractile, excitable, voluntary, extensible
- D. Contractile, excitable, elastic, voluntary
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Contractile, excitable, elastic, extensible.' All types of muscle tissue share these four properties. Muscle tissue can contract, respond to stimuli, stretch and return to its original shape (elastic), and extend or stretch (extensible). Choice B is incorrect because not all muscle tissues are voluntary (some are involuntary). Choice C is incorrect because not all muscle tissues are voluntary. Choice D is incorrect because not all muscle tissues are voluntary and lack the elastic property.
What is the first event to occur in a primary immune response?
- A. Macrophages phagocytose pathogens and present their antigens.
- B. Neutrophils aggregate and act as cytotoxic, nonspecific killers of pathogens.
- C. B lymphocytes make pathogen-specific antibodies.
- D. Helper T cells secrete interleukins to activate pathogen-fighting cells.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. The initial event in a primary immune response is the phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages and the subsequent presentation of their antigens, which is crucial for initiating the adaptive immune response. Neutrophils (Choice B) are also involved in the innate immune response, but they typically respond after macrophages. B lymphocytes (Choice C) produce antibodies later in the adaptive immune response, and Helper T cells (Choice D) help in coordinating the immune response but are not the first cells to act in a primary immune response.
How many daughter cells are formed from one parent cell during meiosis?
- A. One
- B. Two
- C. Three
- D. Four
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During meiosis, one parent cell produces four genetically distinct daughter cells. This occurs through two rounds of cell division, resulting in four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Each daughter cell is genetically unique due to processes like crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis. Choice A is incorrect because meiosis results in multiple daughter cells. Choice B is incorrect because meiosis yields more daughter cells. Choice C is incorrect because meiosis produces four, not three, daughter cells.
How many neurons typically comprise a sensory pathway?
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A sensory pathway generally consists of three neurons: a first-order neuron, a second-order neuron, and a third-order neuron. The first-order neuron carries sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord or brainstem. The second-order neuron then transmits this information to the thalamus or cerebellum. Finally, the third-order neuron projects the sensory input to the cerebral cortex for processing and perception. Therefore, the correct answer is 3 (C). Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the typical structure of a sensory pathway involving three neurons.