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What is the role of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
- A. To filter blood and remove old red blood cells
- B. To produce lymphocytes
- C. To store vitamins
- D. To regulate body temperature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The spleen plays a crucial role in the lymphatic system by filtering blood, specifically removing old or damaged red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen produces lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response by helping to fight off infections. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as the spleen is primarily involved in blood filtration and the production of lymphocytes rather than storing vitamins or regulating body temperature.
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Where does digestion begin in the digestive system?
- A. Stomach
- B. Mouth
- C. Small intestine
- D. Esophagus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Digestion begins in the mouth. Mechanical digestion through chewing and chemical digestion through saliva initiate the breakdown of food. Enzymes in saliva start breaking down carbohydrates, marking the beginning of the digestive process. The stomach primarily functions in further breaking down food and mixing it with gastric juices. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. The esophagus is a muscular tube that helps move food from the mouth to the stomach, but digestion does not begin there.
What is the role of the liver in detoxification?
- A. To secrete bile
- B. To store glucose
- C. To convert toxins into less harmful substances
- D. To produce insulin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The liver's primary function in detoxification is to convert harmful toxins into less harmful substances. This process helps in safeguarding the body from the adverse effects of toxins and is essential for maintaining overall health. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because secreting bile, storing glucose, and producing insulin are functions of the liver unrelated to detoxification.
Which cellular structure is responsible for protein synthesis?
- A. Nucleus
- B. Ribosome
- C. Endoplasmic reticulum
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ribosome. Ribosomes, the cellular structures located in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum, are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell. They are the sites where mRNA is translated into proteins, making them essential for the synthesis of proteins in all living cells. The other choices, such as the nucleus (choice A), endoplasmic reticulum (choice C), and Golgi apparatus (choice D), are not directly involved in protein synthesis. The nucleus contains DNA and is responsible for housing the genetic material, the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein folding and transport, and the Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
What is the main function of white blood cells?
- A. To carry oxygen
- B. To fight infections
- C. To carry nutrients
- D. To remove waste products
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main function of white blood cells, also known as leukocytes, is to fight infections and foreign invaders to protect the body from harm. They play a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and destroying pathogens like bacteria and viruses, essential for maintaining the body's health and overall immunity. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as carrying oxygen is primarily done by red blood cells, carrying nutrients is a function of various body systems, and removing waste products is mainly the role of the kidneys and liver, not white blood cells.
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
- A. To transport nutrients
- B. To fight infections
- C. To carry oxygen
- D. To produce energy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'To carry oxygen.' Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the tissues and organs throughout the body. This oxygen transport is crucial for cellular respiration and the overall functioning of the body. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because hemoglobin's primary function is not to transport nutrients, fight infections, or produce energy in red blood cells.