Nokea
What is the scientific term for a broken bone?
- A. Osteoporosis
- B. Fracture
- C. Sprain
- D. Dislocation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The scientific term for a broken bone is a fracture. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, not a broken bone. A sprain involves an injury to a ligament, not a bone. Dislocation occurs when the ends of bones are forced out of their normal positions at a joint, which is different from a fracture.
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Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind:
- A. Vaccination
- B. Disinfection
- C. Sterilization
- D. Antibiotic resistance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind vaccination. When a vaccine containing antigens (weakened or killed pathogens) is introduced into the body, the immune system produces antibodies that bind to these antigens. This binding triggers an immune response, leading to the production of memory cells that provide immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. Vaccination helps the body develop immunity without causing the disease itself, thereby protecting individuals from infectious diseases. Disinfection and sterilization involve different processes to eliminate or reduce pathogens on surfaces or objects. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics and is not directly related to antigen-antibody binding.
What is the tough, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone?
- A. Fascia
- B. Perimysium
- C. Tendon
- D. Ligament
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tendons are the correct answer as they are the tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscle to bone. They play a crucial role in transmitting the forces generated by muscle contraction to the bones, facilitating movement. Fascia surrounds muscles and provides support, perimysium is the connective tissue sheath around muscle fibers, and ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints, which makes them distinct from tendons.
What property of a substance refers to its ability to undergo a chemical change and form new substances with different properties?
- A. Density
- B. Mass
- C. Reactivity
- D. Volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Reactivity is the property of a substance that describes its ability to undergo a chemical change and form new substances with different properties. Density (A), mass (B), and volume (D) are physical properties of a substance and do not directly relate to its ability to undergo chemical changes. Density is mass per unit volume, mass is the amount of matter in a substance, and volume is the space occupied by a substance.
Which layer of the skin is responsible for new skin cell production?
- A. Stratum corneum
- B. Stratum basale
- C. Stratum granulosum
- D. Stratum spinosum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Stratum basale. The stratum basale, also known as the basal layer or stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis and is responsible for new skin cell production through cell division. It contains basal cells that continuously divide to produce new keratinocytes, which move up through the layers of the epidermis.
Choice A, Stratum corneum, is the outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells filled with keratin. It serves a protective function but is not involved in new skin cell production.
Choice C, Stratum granulosum, is a layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes undergo changes in their structure and composition. It is involved in the process of keratinization but not in new skin cell production.
Choice D, Stratum spinosum, is a layer of the epidermis where cells become interconnected by desmosomes. While it plays a role in providing strength and support to the epidermis, it is not primarily responsible for new skin cell production.
Which muscular tube carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
- A. Nephron
- B. Ureter
- C. Urethra
- D. Glomerulus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ureter. The ureter is the muscular tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries in the nephron where filtration of blood occurs.