What is the single most important factor to consider when communicating with children?
- A. The child's physical condition
- B. Presence or absence of the child's parent
- C. The child's developmental level
- D. The child's nonverbal behaviors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The single most important factor to consider when communicating with children is the child's developmental level. Understanding where a child is at in terms of cognitive, emotional, and social development is crucial for effective communication. By considering the child's developmental level, you can adjust your language, tone, and content to suit their abilities and needs. This ensures that the child can understand and engage with the communication effectively. Communication that aligns with a child's developmental stage promotes better comprehension, engagement, and relationship-building.
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The nurse notes the first stool of a newborn is black and tarry. Which term is used to describe this type of stool?
- A. Meconium
- B. Transitional
- C. Miliaria
- D. Milk stool
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Meconium is the term used to describe the first stool of a newborn. This stool is black and tarry in appearance. Meconium is made up of materials ingested by the fetus while in the uterus, such as mucus, amniotic fluid, and cells shed from the stomach and intestines. It is typically passed by a newborn within the first few days of life before transitioning to transitional stools, which are greenish-brown in color, and eventually to normal milk stools as the baby starts feeding on breast milk or formula.
The BEST implication of a 6-month-old baby's visuomotor coordination is
- A. voluntary release of objects
- B. comparison ability of small objects
- C. increasing ability to explore objects
- D. autonomy of actions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Voluntary release is a key milestone in visuomotor coordination at this age.
Mr. Kawasaki, a 23-year old industrial worker, was burned severely in an industrial accident. He has second degree burns on his right leg and arm, and on his left leg. He has third degree burns on his left arm. The triage nurse, using the rule of nines, estimates the extent of burn as:
- A. 18%
- B. 45%
- C. 36%
- D. 54%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The rule of nines is a method used to quickly estimate the extent of burns on a patient's body. According to the rule of nines, each area of the body is assigned a percentage that represents its proportional size compared to the total body surface area. In adults, the body is divided into areas of 9% or multiples of 9%.
Bennett was rushed to the emergency department with possible increased intracranial pressure (ICP); which of the following is an early clinical manifestation of increased ICP in older children? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Macewen's sign
- B. Setting sun sign
- C. Papilledema
- D. Diplopia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Papilledema is a common early clinical manifestation of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in older children. Papilledema is defined as optic disc swelling due to increased ICP transmitted to the optic nerve sheath. This can be visualized during a fundoscopic examination. It is important to identify papilledema promptly as it may signify increased ICP, which requires urgent evaluation and management to prevent potential complications. While other signs like Macewen's sign, Setting sun sign, and Diplopia can also indicate increased ICP, papilledema is a more specific sign seen in older children.
The pediatric nurse advises a parent how to best convey the circumstances surrounding the sudden death of an 18-month-old patient to a four-year-old sibling. The nurse anticipates that the sibling:
- A. may feel guilty about the patient's death.
- B. may mistrust the parent.
- C. understands the permanence of death.
- D. will role-play the patient's death.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Young children often struggle with understanding death and may internalize feelings of guilt, believing they had a role in the event.