Nokea
What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood?
- A. Nephron
- B. Ureter
- C. Urethra
- D. Bladder
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nephron is the correct answer. It is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood. The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and a renal tubule. Within the nephron, blood is filtered to form urine, which is then carried to the ureter for excretion from the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the ureter, urethra, and bladder are not involved in the filtration of blood in the kidney. Instead, they are parts of the urinary system responsible for transporting and storing urine.
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What is the importance of RNA splicing?
- A. Removes introns from the mRNA molecule
- B. Adds the poly-A tail to the mRNA molecule
- C. Activates the mRNA molecule for translation
- D. Modifies the structure of the protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: RNA splicing is a crucial process in gene expression where non-coding regions called introns are removed from the pre-mRNA molecule, and the remaining coding regions called exons are joined together to form the mature mRNA molecule. This process ensures that only the protein-coding sequences are retained in the mRNA for translation, allowing for the production of functional proteins. Therefore, option A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the importance of RNA splicing in generating mature mRNA molecules for protein synthesis.
B) Adding the poly-A tail to the mRNA molecule is a post-transcriptional modification that occurs after RNA splicing and is not directly related to the process of removing introns.
C) Activating the mRNA molecule for translation is typically achieved through the addition of a 5' cap and the poly-A tail, rather than through RNA splicing.
D) Modifying the structure of the protein is not directly related to the process of RNA splicing, which primarily focuses on mRNA maturation by removing non-coding introns.
The patella, commonly known as the kneecap, is an example of a:
- A. Sesamoid bone
- B. Long bone
- C. Short bone
- D. Irregular bone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The patella, also known as the kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone. Sesamoid bones develop within tendons, such as the patellar tendon in this case. The patella is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle, enhancing the mechanical advantage of the muscle and protecting the knee joint. Long bones, like the femur, are characterized by their elongated shape with growth plates at the ends. Short bones, such as those in the wrist and ankle, are cube-shaped bones. Irregular bones, like vertebrae, do not fit into the other bone shape categories due to their unique shapes and functions.
Which element shares the same group (family) on the periodic table with helium (He)?
- A. Neon (Ne)
- B. Boron (B)
- C. Carbon (C)
- D. Oxygen (O)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Elements within the same group share similar electron configurations in their outermost shells, resulting in comparable chemical properties. Helium and Neon both belong to Group 18 (Noble Gases), explaining their similarities. Boron, Carbon, and Oxygen are not in the same group as Helium on the periodic table. Boron is in Group 13, Carbon is in Group 14, and Oxygen is in Group 16, which are different from Helium's Group 18.
What is the term for the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place?
- A. Bronchi
- B. Alveoli
- C. Trachea
- D. Bronchioles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveoli. The alveoli are the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air we breathe passes into the bloodstream through the alveoli, while carbon dioxide from the bloodstream passes out of the body through the alveoli. Choice A, Bronchi, are the main airways in the lungs and not the site of gas exchange. Choice C, Trachea, refers to the windpipe, which is a different structure than the alveoli. Choice D, Bronchioles, are smaller airways branching off from the bronchi and are not where gas exchange primarily occurs.
Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
- A. Stearic acid
- B. Palmitic acid
- C. Oleic acid
- D. Butyric acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid because it contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, leading to kinks in the chain structure. This unsaturation gives it a lower melting point compared to saturated fatty acids. Stearic acid (A), Palmitic acid (B), and Butyric acid (D) are examples of saturated fatty acids as they do not contain any double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, leading to a straight structure and higher melting points.