Nokea
What is the technical term for the free edges of your fingernails and toenails?
- A. Lunula (The lunula is the white crescent moon shape at the base of the nail)
- B. Matrix (The matrix is the area under the nail where new nail cells are produced)
- C. Hyponychium (This is the skin under the free edge of the nail)
- D. Free edge
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, hyponychium. The hyponychium is the skin under the free edge of the nail, responsible for sealing the nail to the fingertip and protecting the nail bed from bacteria and debris. The lunula (choice A) refers to the white crescent moon shape at the base of the nail. The matrix (choice B) is the area under the nail where new nail cells are produced. The free edge (choice D) is the part of the nail that extends beyond the fingertip or toe.
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What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
- A. Transport sperm to the uterus
- B. Produce milk for feeding offspring
- C. Produce eggs (ova)
- D. Regulate urination
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system is to produce eggs (ova). Ovaries are responsible for the production of female gametes. Additionally, they secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which are essential for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Transporting sperm to the uterus is the function of the fallopian tubes, not the ovaries. Producing milk for feeding offspring is the role of the mammary glands, not the ovaries. Regulating urination is a function associated with the urinary system, not the female reproductive system or the ovaries.
What is the primary function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
- A. Filtration of air
- B. Production of mucus
- C. Prevention of food entering the trachea
- D. Oxygen exchange in the alveoli
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system is to prevent food from entering the trachea. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the opening of the trachea, guiding food down the esophagus to the stomach and preventing it from entering the airway. This mechanism safeguards the respiratory system from foreign objects, ensuring proper air passage and avoiding potential choking hazards. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect: A) Filtration of air is mainly performed by the nasal hairs and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. B) Production of mucus is primarily carried out by the mucous glands in the respiratory system to trap particles and humidify the air. D) Oxygen exchange in the alveoli occurs in the lungs and is related to the process of respiration, not the function of the epiglottis.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plays a crucial role in regulating water balance. When ADH levels are high, what happens to urine production?
- A. Urine production increases significantly
- B. Urine production decreases to conserve water
- C. There is no change in urine production
- D. The kidneys stop producing urine altogether
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When ADH levels are high, urine production decreases to conserve water. ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to the production of concentrated urine and conservation of water in the body. Choice A is incorrect as high ADH levels lead to increased water reabsorption, reducing urine output. Choice C is incorrect since high ADH levels do influence urine production. Choice D is incorrect as the kidneys do not stop producing urine entirely but rather adjust the reabsorption of water based on ADH levels.
At the peak of a baseball's trajectory, which of the following forces is acting on the ball?
- A. Only gravitational force
- B. Only the force of air resistance
- C. Both gravitational force and the force of air resistance
- D. Neither gravitational force nor the force of air resistance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: At the peak of a baseball's trajectory, the ball momentarily stops moving upwards before it starts to fall back down. During this moment of temporary rest, the only force acting on the ball is the gravitational force pulling it downward towards the Earth. The force of air resistance is negligible at this point because the ball is momentarily stationary, and air resistance requires motion to be significant. Therefore, the correct answer is that only the gravitational force is acting on the ball at the peak of its trajectory. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because air resistance does not have a significant effect when the ball is at its peak and momentarily stationary.
Antibodies, crucial for immune defense, are produced by:
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Lymphocytes
- C. Monocytes
- D. Basophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Antibodies are produced by a specific type of lymphocyte known as B cells. B cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune system and are responsible for producing antibodies in response to pathogens. Neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils are types of white blood cells that are part of the innate immune response and do not have the function of producing antibodies. Neutrophils are primarily involved in phagocytosis, monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells for antigen presentation, while basophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.