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What is the term for a blood clot blocking an artery in the lungs, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath and chest pain?
- A. Pulmonary embolism
- B. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- C. Myocardial infarction
- D. Pneumothorax
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulmonary embolism. A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and chest pain. Deep vein thrombosis (B) is a blood clot in a deep vein, not in the lungs. Myocardial infarction (C) is a heart attack due to blocked blood flow to the heart muscle. Pneumothorax (D) is a collapsed lung, not related to a blood clot.
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How might the blood pressure be affected in a client whose body mass index (BMI) is 31 (obese)?
- A. increased
- B. decreased
- C. no change
- D. a change either way
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Obesity is strongly associated with increased blood pressure due to factors like insulin resistance and increased vascular resistance.
Two months after Mr. Edwards' myocardial infarction, which goal assumes highest priority?
- A. Having his wife perform most of his activities of daily living
- B. Following a weight-reduction diet
- C. Developing a physical-conditioning program
- D. Assisting him to prepare for retirement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physical conditioning promotes long-term health.
The nurse is administering a beta blocker to a client with a heart rate of 50 bpm. What is the priority action?
- A. Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer the beta blocker as ordered.
- C. Decrease the dose of the beta blocker.
- D. Monitor the client's heart rate and reassess in 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a heart rate of 50 bpm is below the normal range, and beta blockers further decrease heart rate. Holding the medication and notifying the healthcare provider is crucial to prevent potential bradycardia and adverse effects. Administering the beta blocker (choice B) can further reduce the heart rate. Decreasing the dose (choice C) may not be enough to address the issue. Monitoring the heart rate (choice D) is important but not sufficient to address the potential harm caused by administering the beta blocker.
Which of the following is a type of heart valve disease where the aortic valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body?
- A. Aortic stenosis
- B. Mitral stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve narrows, impeding blood flow from the heart to the body, leading to symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Mitral stenosis involves narrowing of the mitral valve, affecting blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle.
C: Tricuspid regurgitation is when the tricuspid valve leaks, causing blood to flow backward into the heart.
D: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, unrelated to aortic valve narrowing.
Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways resulting in excess mucus production, leading to frequent coughing and breathing difficulties?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Asthma
- C. Pneumonia
- D. COPD
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways leading to excess mucus production, coughing, and breathing difficulties. This condition is specifically defined by a productive cough lasting at least three months for two consecutive years. Asthma involves airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, but it is not primarily characterized by excess mucus production. Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, not a chronic inflammatory condition. COPD is a broad term that includes chronic bronchitis, but it also encompasses emphysema, so it is not as specific as chronic bronchitis in this context.