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What is the term for a condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the space between the lung and the chest wall?
- A. Pneumothorax
- B. Pleural effusion
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is the term used to describe a condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the pleural space. This causes pressure on the lung, leading to its collapse. Pleural effusion (B) is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, not air. Atelectasis (C) is the collapse of a portion or the entire lung due to various reasons but not air leakage. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is a condition where lung tissue becomes scarred and thickened, not related to air leakage causing lung collapse.
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When administering furosemide (Lasix) to a client, which lab value is most important to monitor?
- A. Potassium
- B. Sodium
- C. Calcium
- D. Chloride
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Potassium. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that can cause potassium loss through increased urine output. Monitoring potassium levels is crucial to prevent hypokalemia, which can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Sodium (B) and chloride (D) levels can also be affected by furosemide but are not as critical as potassium. Calcium (C) monitoring is not typically required when administering furosemide. By closely monitoring potassium levels, healthcare providers can prevent potential complications and ensure the safe administration of furosemide.
Which structure serves as the normal pacemaker of the heart?
- A. SA node
- B. AV node
- C. Purkinje fibers
- D. Atria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: SA node. The SA node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart because it initiates the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat. It is located in the right atrium and generates the electrical signals that coordinate the heart's contractions. The other choices, B: AV node, C: Purkinje fibers, and D: Atria, do play roles in the heart's electrical conduction system, but they do not serve as the primary pacemaker. The AV node delays the electrical impulses, the Purkinje fibers distribute the impulses to the heart muscles, and the atria contract to pump blood into the ventricles. However, none of these structures serve as the primary pacemaker like the SA node does.
What is an acute respiratory infection that inflames the alveoli in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus?
- A. Pneumonia
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Tuberculosis
- D. Asthma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that specifically inflames the alveoli in the lungs, leading to fluid or pus accumulation. This condition can affect one or both lungs. Bronchitis (B) is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not the alveoli. Tuberculosis (C) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but does not always involve alveoli inflammation. Asthma (D) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and constriction, not alveoli inflammation like in pneumonia.
What is a condition characterized by episodes of severe, acute shortness of breath, often occurring at night?
- A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- B. Sleep apnea
- C. Orthopnea
- D. Dyspnea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. This condition is characterized by sudden, severe shortness of breath at night. It can be caused by heart failure or other cardiac conditions. Sleep apnea (B) is a disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, not specifically related to acute shortness of breath. Orthopnea (C) is difficulty breathing while lying flat and is not specific to nighttime episodes. Dyspnea (D) is a general term for difficulty breathing and does not specifically refer to acute episodes at night.
When administering enoxaparin (Lovenox) to a client, what is the most important lab value to monitor?
- A. Platelet count
- B. aPTT
- C. Hemoglobin
- D. INR
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Platelet count. When administering enoxaparin, the most important lab value to monitor is the platelet count because enoxaparin can cause thrombocytopenia, a potentially serious adverse effect. Monitoring platelet count helps to detect and prevent this complication.
Summary of other choices:
B: aPTT - Enoxaparin does not directly affect aPTT, so monitoring this value is not as critical as platelet count.
C: Hemoglobin - While monitoring hemoglobin may be important for some conditions, it is not the most crucial lab value to monitor when administering enoxaparin.
D: INR - Enoxaparin does not affect the INR, so monitoring this value is not necessary when administering this medication.