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What is the term for a solution that has exactly the same concentration of solute as another solution?
- A. Saturated solution
- B. Unsaturated solution
- C. Isotonic solution
- D. Concentrated solution
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An isotonic solution is a solution that has the same concentration of solute as another solution. When cells are placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining equilibrium. Choice A, a saturated solution, refers to a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature. Choice B, an unsaturated solution, is a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions. Choice D, a concentrated solution, is a solution with a high amount of solute compared to the solvent.
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According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, what happens to the total amount of energy in a closed system?
- A. Increases over time.
- B. Decreases over time.
- C. Remains constant.
- D. Depends on the temperature of the system.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant. This principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed within the system but can only be transformed from one form to another. Therefore, the total energy within the system is conserved and does not change over time. Choice A is incorrect because the total energy in a closed system does not increase over time, as it remains constant. Choice B is incorrect as the total energy does not decrease over time within a closed system. Choice D is incorrect as the conservation of energy is not dependent on the temperature of the system, but rather on the transformation and conservation of energy within the system. Understanding this concept is fundamental for understanding the behavior of energy in various physical systems and processes.
Which organ in the body is responsible for maintaining electrolyte balance and filtering waste from the blood?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Heart
- D. Lungs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste from the blood and maintaining electrolyte balance. They help regulate the body's fluid levels and produce urine as a means of waste elimination. The liver primarily plays a role in detoxification and metabolism, not in maintaining electrolyte balance or filtering waste from the blood. The heart is responsible for pumping blood, not for electrolyte balance or waste filtration. The lungs are primarily involved in gas exchange, not in maintaining electrolyte balance or filtering waste from the blood.
What is the term for the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract?
- A. Segmentation
- B. Peristalsis
- C. Chyme
- D. Emulsification
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peristalsis is the correct term for the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. These contractions help push food along the digestive system, facilitating digestion and absorption of nutrients. Segmentation, on the other hand, refers to the mixing and breaking down of food in the intestines, not the movement of food. Chyme is the semi-fluid mass of partially digested food in the stomach and small intestine, not the muscle contractions. Emulsification is the process of breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets to aid in digestion, not the movement of food through the digestive tract. Therefore, peristalsis is the most appropriate term for this function.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a chemical reaction?
- A. Formation of new substances
- B. Release or absorption of energy
- C. Change in color
- D. Change in temperature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A change in color is not always a characteristic of a chemical reaction. While some chemical reactions may result in a change in color, it is not a universal characteristic of all chemical reactions. The formation of new substances, release or absorption of energy, and change in temperature are commonly associated with chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as it does not always occur in every chemical reaction.
Which state of matter has both a definite volume and a definite shape?
- A. Solid
- B. Liquid
- C. Gas
- D. Plasma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Solid.' Solids have both a definite volume and a definite shape because the particles are closely packed together and vibrate in fixed positions. This close arrangement of particles allows solids to maintain their shape and volume, unlike liquids and gases which do not have a definite shape. Liquids take the shape of their container but have a definite volume. Gases, on the other hand, do not have a definite shape or volume as they expand to fill the space available to them. Plasma is a high-energy state of matter where atoms are stripped of their electrons and is not characterized by definite shape or volume.