Nokea
What is the term for the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per beat, determined by preload, contractility, and afterload?
- A. Stroke volume
- B. Cardiac output
- C. End-diastolic volume
- D. Ejection fraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke volume. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per beat. Preload (end-diastolic volume), contractility, and afterload influence stroke volume. Cardiac output (B) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. End-diastolic volume (C) is the volume of blood in the ventricle before contraction. Ejection fraction (D) is the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole.
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What is the procedure where a catheter is used to open a blocked or narrowed coronary artery, often involving the placement of a stent?
- A. Angioplasty
- B. Valve replacement
- C. Stent placement
- D. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. During angioplasty, a catheter with a balloon at its tip is used to open a blocked or narrowed coronary artery. The balloon is inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow. Often, a stent is placed during the procedure to help keep the artery open. Option B, valve replacement, is incorrect as it involves replacing a faulty heart valve, not opening a blocked coronary artery. Option C, stent placement, is close but not specific to the procedure of using a catheter and balloon. Option D, CABG, is a surgical procedure where arteries or veins are used to bypass blocked coronary arteries, not using a catheter.
What is a condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients?
- A. Stroke
- B. Heart attack
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke. A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to brain tissue not receiving enough oxygen and nutrients. This can result in permanent brain damage or even death.
Choice B: Heart attack, involves a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle, not the brain.
Choice C: Pulmonary embolism, is a blockage in the arteries of the lungs, not the brain.
Choice D: Pneumonia, is an infection in the lungs and does not directly involve the brain's blood supply.
In summary, a stroke specifically affects the brain's blood supply and can lead to serious consequences, unlike the other conditions mentioned.
What test measures the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- or 48-hour period?
- A. Holter monitor
- B. Electrocardiogram
- C. Stress test
- D. Chest X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Holter monitor. This device records the electrical activity of the heart over an extended period, typically 24-48 hours, providing a more comprehensive assessment compared to a standard ECG (choice B). A stress test (choice C) evaluates the heart's response to physical exertion, not prolonged monitoring. A chest X-ray (choice D) is used to visualize the heart and lungs, but does not measure electrical activity. Therefore, the Holter monitor is the most appropriate test for continuous monitoring of heart activity over an extended period.
Which order should the nurse question?
- A. The addition of a loop diuretic with digoxin.
- B. The addition of a beta blocker with digoxin.
- C. A digoxin dose of 0.125 mg per day.
- D. The addition of an ACE inhibitor with digoxin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The addition of a beta blocker with digoxin. When combined, beta blockers can enhance the effects of digoxin, leading to an increased risk of bradycardia and heart block. This combination can also exacerbate digoxin toxicity. Therefore, the nurse should question the addition of a beta blocker with digoxin to prevent potential adverse effects.
Incorrect choices:
A: The addition of a loop diuretic with digoxin - Loop diuretics may lead to hypokalemia, which can increase the risk of digoxin toxicity.
C: A digoxin dose of 0.125 mg per day - This is within the recommended dose range for digoxin and does not pose a significant concern.
D: The addition of an ACE inhibitor with digoxin - ACE inhibitors are commonly used in combination with digoxin and do not typically interact negatively.
What is a chronic condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hyperlipidemia
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertension. Hypertension is characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. This condition is commonly referred to as high blood pressure. Hypotension (B) is the opposite, indicating low blood pressure. Hyperlipidemia (C) is high levels of fats in the blood, not directly related to blood pressure. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels, also not directly related to blood pressure. Therefore, based on the definition and associated health risks, A is the correct choice.