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What is the unit of measurement for force in the International System of Units (SI)?
- A. Newton (N)
- B. Kilogram (kg)
- C. Joule (J)
- D. Meter per second squared (m/s²)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The unit of measurement for force in the International System of Units (SI) is the Newton (N). One Newton is defined as the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared. Therefore, the correct answer is Newton (N). The other choices are incorrect because: B) Kilogram (kg) is a unit of mass, not force; C) Joule (J) is a unit of energy; D) Meter per second squared (m/s²) is a unit of acceleration, not force.
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What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
- A. Air is expelled from the lungs.
- B. The lungs expand to allow air intake.
- C. The vocal cords vibrate to produce sound.
- D. The trachea narrows to control airflow.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, creating more space in the chest cavity. This expansion of the chest cavity causes the lungs to expand as well, allowing air to be drawn into the lungs during inhalation. Therefore, the correct answer is that the lungs expand to allow air intake when the diaphragm contracts. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because when the diaphragm contracts, it does not expel air from the lungs, cause the vocal cords to vibrate, or narrow the trachea to control airflow.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
- A. Detecting touch
- B. Regulating body temperature
- C. Producing insulin
- D. Controlling muscle movement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nervous system is responsible for detecting touch (option A), regulating body temperature (option B), and controlling muscle movement (option D). Producing insulin (option C) is a function of the endocrine system, which produces hormones like insulin to regulate metabolism and glucose levels. Therefore, option C is the correct answer as it is not a function of the nervous system.
How can bacteria acquire new genetic material from their environment?
- A. Transformation
- B. Transduction
- C. Conjugation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A) Transformation: Transformation is the process by which bacteria can take up free DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome, leading to the acquisition of new genetic material and traits.
B) Transduction: Transduction involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria. The bacteriophage carries bacterial DNA from one host cell to another, facilitating the transfer of genetic material.
C) Conjugation: Conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria where genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells in direct contact. This transfer is facilitated by a conjugative plasmid carrying the genetic information.
Therefore, all the processes mentioned (transformation, transduction, and conjugation) are ways in which bacteria can acquire new genetic material from their environment.
The pancreas releases a number of digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Which of the following enzymes is NOT produced by the pancreas?
- A. Trypsin (protein digestion)
- B. Amylase (carbohydrate digestion)
- C. Lipase (fat digestion)
- D. Lactase (sugar digestion)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lactase is an enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose, a sugar found in dairy products, and it is produced by the small intestine, not the pancreas. The pancreas produces enzymes like trypsin for protein digestion, amylase for carbohydrate digestion, and lipase for fat digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because trypsin, amylase, and lipase are indeed enzymes produced by the pancreas for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, respectively.
Where does bile, a substance that aids in digesting fats, originate from?
- A. Stomach
- B. Pancreas
- C. Liver
- D. Gallbladder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bile is produced by the liver to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver produces bile, which is then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine to facilitate fat digestion. The stomach (option A) is responsible for the initial digestion of food through gastric juices but does not produce bile. The pancreas (option B) secretes digestive enzymes like lipase to further break down fats in the small intestine but does not produce bile. The gallbladder (option D) stores and concentrates bile but does not produce it.