Nokea
What major departure did Freud's position have from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s?
- A. Viewed abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
- B. Viewed people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
- C. Proposed the existence of free will.
- D. Emphasized environmental forces on behavior.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Freud's major departure from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he viewed people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior. This is reflected in his emphasis on unconscious forces influencing behavior. Choice A is incorrect as Freud focused on psychological rather than solely biological causes. Choice C is incorrect as Freud's theory did not emphasize free will but rather unconscious drives. Choice D is incorrect as Freud emphasized internal psychological forces over external environmental factors.
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Sandy took part in the April 2013 Boston Marathon, where two bombs were detonated near the finish line, killing three spectators. For approximately 2 weeks after the marathon, Sandy was unable to sleep or concentrate and often found herself reliving the moment she heard the bombs explode. What disorder might Sandy be diagnosed with?
- A. Posttraumatic stress disorder
- B. Phobic disorder
- C. Panic disorder
- D. Acute stress disorder
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sandy might be diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD typically develops after exposure to a traumatic event and is characterized by symptoms such as re-experiencing the event, avoidance of reminders of the event, negative changes in thoughts and mood, and heightened reactivity. While acute stress disorder can occur shortly after a traumatic event, the duration of symptoms in the scenario suggests a more prolonged impact, aligning with PTSD. Phobic disorder and panic disorder are not as closely related to the described symptoms as PTSD.
When Ryan was born, the hospital assessed his health with the Apgar scale, and the score was 5. What does this mean with respect to his breathing pattern?
- A. He was not in danger
- B. He needed help in establishing a breathing pattern
- C. He was in excellent condition
- D. He was in critical condition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An Apgar score of 5 suggests that Ryan needed help establishing a regular breathing pattern after birth. Choice A is incorrect because a score of 5 indicates the need for assistance. Choice C is incorrect as an Apgar score of 5 does not reflect excellent condition. Choice D is incorrect as it signifies a critical condition, which is not the case with an Apgar score of 5.
Kai and Ken received their Christmas gifts from their parents. Although their gifts vary in many characteristics, the two compared their gifts based on size. This tendency among children is known as:
- A. Semiotic
- B. Abstraction
- C. Preoperational
- D. Overextension
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Overextension. Overextension happens when children compare objects or experiences based on one characteristic, such as size. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Semiotic refers to the study of signs and symbols; Abstraction is the process of thinking about something as a general concept rather than a specific example; Preoperational is a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not related to comparing gifts based on size.
Rita shows better control over her eating habits at 2.5 years than her brother Richard did at the same age. Why?
- A. Girls are naturally smarter than boys.
- B. Second-born children learn faster.
- C. Girls have better fine motor skills.
- D. Boys have better gross motor skills.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because boys typically develop gross motor skills, like running and jumping, more quickly than girls. This can explain why Richard may have had less control over his eating habits compared to Rita at the same age. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not address the specific developmental aspect related to eating habits control mentioned in the question.
What is the term for a fluid-filled sac in which the baby floats until just before it is born?
- A. Amnion
- B. Placenta
- C. Umbilical cord
- D. Embryo
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amnion. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the developing fetus in the womb. It acts as a cushion, maintaining a stable temperature and protecting the fetus from external pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the placenta is an organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste products, the umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta to facilitate nutrient exchange, and an embryo is an early stage of development before it becomes a fetus.