Nokea
What microorganisms were accounted for in this case?
- A. All bacteria that have grown on a nutrient medium
- B. Opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
- C. Enteropathogenic bacteria and viruses
- D. Colibacilli
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the case specifically mentions "enteropathogenic bacteria and viruses," indicating a focus on these specific microorganisms. Choice A is too broad and includes all bacteria, which is not specified in the case. Choice B mentions opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, which are not necessarily relevant to the case. Choice D specifies colibacilli, which may or may not be relevant to the case, but it is not as specific as choice C which clearly matches the information provided in the case.
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Which one is an example of an immunomodulator:
- A. Rifampin
- B. Gamma Interferon
- C. Hexacima
- D. Pentaxim
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why B (Gamma Interferon) is the correct answer:
1. Gamma Interferon is a type of immunomodulator that helps regulate the immune response.
2. It activates macrophages and enhances the immune system's ability to fight infections.
3. Rifampin is an antibiotic, not an immunomodulator.
4. Hexacima and Pentaxim are combination vaccines, not immunomodulators.
In summary, Gamma Interferon is the correct answer as it directly influences the immune response, while the other choices are not immunomodulators.
Which of the following can be used for specific prophylaxis of pertussis?
- A. Pertussis toxoid
- B. Killed vaccine
- C. Wide-spectrum antibiotics
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pertussis toxoid. This is because pertussis toxoid is a component of the pertussis vaccine, which provides specific prophylaxis against pertussis by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria causing the disease. Choice B, killed vaccine, is incorrect as it does not specify pertussis toxoid. Choice C, wide-spectrum antibiotics, is incorrect as antibiotics are used for treatment, not prophylaxis. Choice D, None of the above, is incorrect as pertussis toxoid is specifically used for prophylaxis of pertussis.
Granulomas containing lymphocytes and macrophages were detected during analysis of skin biopsy material. Among macrophages there are large cells with fat inclusions, which contain microorganisms in spheric packages (Virchow's cells). The following disease is based on the described type of hypersensitivity:
- A. Leprosy
- B. Syphilis
- C. Tuberculosis
- D. Rhinoscleroma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tuberculosis. Granulomas with lymphocytes and macrophages containing Virchow's cells (large cells with fat inclusions containing microorganisms) are classic findings in tuberculosis. Leprosy (A) typically presents with granulomas but with different histopathological features. Syphilis (B) does not usually form granulomas in the skin. Rhinoscleroma (D) is a chronic bacterial infection characterized by nodular lesions but does not typically involve Virchow's cells as seen in tuberculosis.
Which of the following best describes a Gram-negative bacterium?
- A. Has a thick peptidoglycan layer
- B. Has an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides
- C. Stains purple
- D. Has no cell wall
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides, which is a key characteristic used in Gram staining. This outer membrane is responsible for the pink/red color seen when stained with Gram stain. Choice A is incorrect because Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer. Choice C is incorrect because Gram-negative bacteria stain pink, not purple. Choice D is incorrect because all bacteria have a cell wall, but Gram-negative bacteria have a different structure compared to Gram-positive bacteria.
Enzymatic reactions can be expressed in which of the following chemical notations?
- A. S + P = E
- B. P + P = E
- C. E + S = P
- D. S + S = P
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: E + S = P. This notation represents the interaction between an enzyme (E) and a substrate (S) resulting in a product (P). Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions by binding to substrates and converting them into products. Choice A is incorrect because it does not include the enzyme in the reaction. Choice B is incorrect as it involves two substrates binding to the enzyme, not a substrate converting to a product. Choice D is incorrect as it shows two substrates reacting to form a product without involvement of an enzyme. Thus, choice C accurately represents the process of enzymatic reactions involving enzymes, substrates, and products.