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What outcome needs to occur in order to claim that advocacy has been truly successful or effective?
- A. Audiences agree with a CHN who is advocating a change.
- B. Legislators discuss appropriate legislation to better allocate resources.
- C. People demand that the disenfranchised be better treated.
- D. Systematic social changes are made to improve quality of life.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because advocacy is truly successful when systematic social changes are made to improve quality of life. This is because advocacy aims to address underlying structural issues and create sustainable, long-term improvements. Choices A, B, and C focus on initial responses or actions, but they do not necessarily lead to lasting impact or systemic change. Audiences agreeing with the CHN, legislators discussing legislation, and people demanding better treatment are important steps in advocacy, but the ultimate goal should be to bring about tangible changes at the systemic level to achieve lasting improvements in quality of life for the community.
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A team of community health nurses (CHNs) disagree about the appropriate action to take in relation to a family with an ill family member who have chosen to continue working at their jobs instead of taking time off to care for the ill family member. One CHN states, "It is the wife's responsibility to care for her ill husband." What type of thinking is this CHN applying?
- A. Consequentialism
- B. Deontological ethics
- C. Principlism
- D. Utilitarianism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Deontological ethics. Deontological ethics focuses on the moral duty or obligation to act in a certain way, regardless of the consequences. In this scenario, the CHN is stating that it is the wife's responsibility to care for her ill husband based on a sense of duty or moral obligation, rather than considering the consequences or outcomes. This type of thinking aligns with deontological ethics as it emphasizes following moral principles or rules.
Incorrect choices:
A: Consequentialism - This ethical theory focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions rather than the inherent rightness or wrongness of the actions themselves. The CHN's statement does not prioritize consequences.
C: Principlism - Principlism involves ethical decision-making based on a set of ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. The CHN's statement does not directly relate to these principles.
D: Utilitarianism - Utilitarianism is
Which type of risk the most important predictor of health?
- A. Biological risk
- B. Economic risk
- C. Life-event risk
- D. Health values
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Health values. Health values are the most important predictor of health because they encompass an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and priorities related to health. Individuals who place a high value on their health are more likely to engage in behaviors that promote wellness and seek necessary healthcare. This intrinsic motivation plays a crucial role in determining health outcomes.
Biological risk (A) focuses on genetic predispositions and physical health conditions, which are important but not as predictive as health values. Economic risk (B) and life-event risk (C) can certainly impact health outcomes, but they are external factors that may not always directly correlate with an individual's health status. Ultimately, it is the personal health values and choices that have the most significant influence on one's health.
Activities that focus on rebuilding to predisaster or near-predisaster conditions, and on community safety so that the risk of a recurrence of the disaster is reduced, occur in which part of the disaster management cycle?
- A. Disaster Vulnerability
- B. Disaster Preparedness
- C. Disaster Recovery
- D. Disaster Response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Disaster Recovery. During the disaster recovery phase, activities aim to rebuild to predisaster or near-predisaster conditions and focus on enhancing community safety to reduce the risk of a recurrence of the disaster. This phase involves restoring infrastructure, services, and livelihoods while implementing measures to mitigate future disasters.
Choice A (Disaster Vulnerability) is incorrect because this phase focuses on assessing the vulnerabilities of a community to potential disasters.
Choice B (Disaster Preparedness) is incorrect as it involves planning and readiness activities before a disaster occurs to minimize its impact.
Choice D (Disaster Response) is incorrect as it deals with immediate actions taken during and immediately after a disaster to save lives, protect property, and meet basic needs.
The ability to access, comprehend, evaluate, and communicate information as a way to promote, maintain and improve health in a variety of settings across the life-course is defined as:
- A. Health promotion
- B. Health literacy
- C. Health advocacy
- D. Health maintenance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Health literacy. Health literacy involves the skills needed to access, understand, evaluate, and communicate health information to make informed decisions and promote health. This definition aligns with the ability to comprehend and utilize health information effectively. Health promotion (A) focuses on strategies to improve health outcomes, health advocacy (C) involves promoting health policies and practices, and health maintenance (D) refers to activities that sustain health, but these choices do not encompass the comprehensive definition provided in the question.
A community health nurse (CHN) is demonstrating the use of a peak flow meter to help children with chronic asthma recognize when they need to use a rescue inhaler. What is the level of prevention represented by this activity?
- A. Primary
- B. Secondary
- C. Tertiary
- D. Both primary and secondary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary prevention. Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and intervention to prevent the progression of a disease. In this case, the CHN is helping children with asthma recognize early signs of worsening symptoms through peak flow meter use, enabling them to take action with a rescue inhaler. This intervention aims to prevent exacerbation of asthma symptoms, making it a secondary prevention strategy.
A: Primary prevention focuses on preventing the onset of a disease through health promotion and education before it occurs.
C: Tertiary prevention involves managing and reducing the impact of a disease that has already occurred to prevent complications.
D: Both primary and secondary prevention do not apply in this scenario as it specifically targets early detection and intervention for those with an existing condition.