Nokea
What percentage of atenolol bound if a dose of 50 mg/d had been administered?
- A. 2.50%
- B. 5%
- C. 10%
- D. 1.25%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the percentage of atenolol bound can be calculated by dividing the administered dose by the bound percentage. In this case, 50 mg divided by 10% (0.10) equals 5%.
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An older patient has just started on hydrochlorothiazide and is advised by the health care provider to eat foods rich in potassium. What is the nurse’s best recommendation of foods to consume?
- A. Cabbage and corn
- B. Bread and cheese
- C. Avocados and mushrooms
- D. Brown rice and fish
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Avocados and mushrooms are rich in potassium, which can help counteract the potassium-wasting effects of hydrochlorothiazide. Avocado contains around 485mg of potassium per 100g, and mushrooms have around 396mg per 100g. Both are excellent choices for increasing potassium intake.
Summary:
A: Cabbage and corn are not as high in potassium compared to avocados and mushrooms.
B: Bread and cheese are not significant sources of potassium compared to avocados and mushrooms.
D: Brown rice and fish do contain some potassium, but not as much as avocados and mushrooms.
The nurse is explaining drug action to a nursing student. Which statement made by the nurse is correct?
- A. Water-soluble and ionized drugs are quickly absorbed
- B. A drug not bound to protein is an active drug.
- C. Most receptors are found under the cell membran
- D. Toxic effects can result if the trough level is low.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: B: A drug not bound to protein is an active drug.
Rationale: Protein-bound drugs are inactive as they cannot reach target sites. When unbound, drugs can exert pharmacological effects. This is known as the free drug hypothesis. The statement correctly highlights the importance of drug binding to proteins in affecting drug action.
Summary:
A: Water-soluble and ionized drugs are slow to be absorbed due to their inability to cross membranes easily.
C: Receptors are found on the cell membrane, not under it. This statement is inaccurate.
D: Toxic effects are more likely to occur with high trough levels, not low levels.
What percentage of the drug valproic acid is most likely lipid soluble in the patient's duodenal lumen?
- A. 1%
- B. 24%
- C. 50%
- D. 76%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (24%) because the question is asking for the percentage of valproic acid that is lipid soluble in the patient's duodenal lumen. Since the pK of valproic acid is 5, it is most likely lipid soluble to a percentage of around 24%.
The nurse is meeting with a community group about medication safety. The nurse must emphasize that patients at high risk for drug interactions include which groups? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Older patients
- B. Patients with chronic health conditions
- C. Patients taking three or more drugs
- D. Patients dealing with only one pharmacy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (Older patients) because elderly individuals tend to have multiple comorbidities and are more likely to be prescribed multiple medications, increasing the risk of drug interactions. Older patients also tend to have age-related physiological changes that can affect drug metabolism.
Choice B (Patients with chronic health conditions) is not necessarily always at high risk for drug interactions, as it depends on the specific medications they are taking and their individual health status.
Choice C (Patients taking three or more drugs) is not always a high-risk group, as drug interactions can occur even with fewer medications based on the specific drugs being taken and individual patient factors.
Choice D (Patients dealing with only one pharmacy) is not directly related to the risk of drug interactions, as the number of pharmacies used by a patient does not necessarily correlate with the risk of drug interactions.
Bio-transformation of drugs takes place mainly in the
- A. Kidney
- B. Spleen
- C. Brain
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Liver. Bio-transformation of drugs mainly occurs in the liver due to the presence of enzymes responsible for metabolizing drugs. The liver plays a crucial role in breaking down drugs into metabolites that can be excreted from the body. The kidney (A) primarily filters and eliminates waste products, not metabolize drugs. The spleen (B) is involved in filtering blood and immune response, not drug metabolism. The brain (C) is mainly responsible for neurological functions, not drug metabolism. Thus, the liver is the primary site for bio-transformation of drugs.