Nokea
What term describes the phenomenon of two waves canceling each other out when they meet?
- A. Refraction
- B. Diffraction
- C. Destructive interference
- D. Constructive interference
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Destructive interference is the term used to describe the phenomenon when two waves meet and their amplitudes are such that they cancel each other out, resulting in a wave with a smaller amplitude or no wave at all. This cancellation effect occurs due to the waves being out of phase. This is in contrast to constructive interference, where two waves combine to produce a wave with a larger amplitude. Refraction is the bending of waves as they pass through different mediums, such as light passing through glass, while diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings. In this case, the concept described in the question specifically aligns with destructive interference, making it the correct answer.
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How does sunscreen protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays?
- A. By reflecting UV rays away from the skin
- B. By absorbing UV rays and converting them to heat
- C. By blocking UV rays completely
- D. By stimulating melanin production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sunscreen works by absorbing UV rays and converting them to heat. This mechanism helps to prevent the UV rays from penetrating the skin and causing damage such as sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer. Reflecting UV rays away from the skin (option A) is not the primary function of sunscreen. While sunscreen does block UV rays, it does not do so completely (option C) as some UV rays may still penetrate the skin. Sunscreen does not stimulate melanin production (option D) as a means of protecting the skin from UV rays.
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
- A. To transport oxygen throughout the body
- B. To filter blood and remove waste
- C. To fight infection and remove excess fluid
- D. To transport hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'To fight infection and remove excess fluid.' The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the body's immune response by fighting infections through lymphocytes and removing excess fluid from tissues, maintaining fluid balance. It does not primarily transport oxygen, filter blood, or transport hormones. While the lymphatic system is involved in lipid absorption and transport, its primary functions are related to immunity and fluid balance.
Which respiratory structure is responsible for the humidification and warming of inhaled air?
- A. Trachea
- B. Larynx
- C. Nasal passages
- D. Bronchi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nasal passages are responsible for humidifying and warming inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. The mucous membranes in the nasal passages help add moisture to the air and warm it to body temperature. This process is crucial for protecting the lung tissues from potential damage caused by cold and dry air, ensuring optimal conditions for respiration. The trachea (Choice A) is responsible for conducting air to and from the lungs, the larynx (Choice B) is involved in sound production and protecting the airway during swallowing, and the bronchi (Choice D) are the branches of the trachea that further divide to deliver air to the lungs but are not primarily responsible for humidifying and warming inhaled air.
How can you predict the charge of an ion formed by an element based on its position on the periodic table?
- A. Look for elements with similar atomic weights
- B. Identify the group number, which often indicates the typical ionic charge
- C. Identify the period number to determine the ionic charge
- D. Analyze the element's position within the group
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The group number of an element on the periodic table often indicates the typical ionic charge it will form. Elements in the same group tend to have similar chemical properties, including the tendency to gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This predictable pattern allows us to anticipate the charge of an ion formed by an element based on its position in the periodic table. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because predicting the charge of an ion is primarily based on the element's group number, which reflects its valence electrons and typical ionic charge. Atomic weight (Choice A) and period number (Choice C) do not directly correlate with the ionic charge prediction, and analyzing the element's position within the group (Choice D) is less relevant than identifying the group number itself.
Which vitamin plays a vital role in immune function?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin B12
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin D is the correct answer. It plays a vital role in immune function by regulating the immune system and enhancing the pathogen-fighting effects of monocytes and macrophages. Deficiency in Vitamin D has been linked to increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases, highlighting its importance in maintaining a healthy immune response. Vitamin A (Choice A) is essential for vision and skin health but is not primarily known for its role in immune function. Vitamin B12 (Choice B) is important for red blood cell formation and neurological function, not specifically immune function. Vitamin E (Choice D) acts as an antioxidant and is beneficial for skin health and cell function, but it is not primarily associated with immune system support.