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What type of immunity does a vaccine provide? Choose only ONE best answer.
- A. Naturally acquired passive immunity
- B. Artificially acquired passive immunity
- C. Naturally acquired active immunity
- D. Artificially acquired active immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Artificially acquired active immunity. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce an active response, leading to the development of immunity against specific pathogens. Choice A, naturally acquired passive immunity, is incorrect as it refers to the temporary immunity passed from mother to child, not through vaccines. Choice B, artificially acquired passive immunity, is also incorrect because passive immunity involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies, not the stimulation of the immune system by vaccines. Choice C, naturally acquired active immunity, is incorrect since it is acquired through natural exposure to pathogens, not through vaccines.
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Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?
- A. Femur
- B. Scapula
- C. Humerus
- D. Tibia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Scapula. Flat bones, such as the scapula, are thin, flattened bones that provide protection to internal organs and serve as attachment points for muscles. The other choices, femur, humerus, and tibia, are examples of long bones, which are characterized by their elongated structure and are primarily involved in supporting weight and facilitating movement.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
- A. To absorb nutrients
- B. To exchange gases
- C. To transport oxygen
- D. To regulate blood pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main function of the respiratory system is to exchange gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. Option A, 'To absorb nutrients,' is incorrect because the respiratory system is not involved in nutrient absorption. Option C, 'To transport oxygen,' is partially correct, but it doesn't encompass the complete role of gas exchange that includes both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Option D, 'To regulate blood pressure,' is incorrect as blood pressure regulation is primarily controlled by the cardiovascular system, not the respiratory system.
Which part of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions, such as thought and action?
- A. Amygdala
- B. Brain stem
- C. Cerebellum
- D. Cerebrum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The cerebrum is the correct answer as it is responsible for higher brain functions like thought and action. The amygdala (Choice A) is involved in emotions and emotional responses, not higher brain functions. The brain stem (Choice B) controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate, not higher brain functions. The cerebellum (Choice C) is mainly responsible for motor control and coordination, not higher brain functions like thought and action.
What is the role of the pancreas in regulating blood sugar levels?
- A. To produce insulin only
- B. To produce both insulin and glucagon
- C. To store glucose
- D. To produce adrenaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The pancreas plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by producing both insulin and glucagon. Insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, while glucagon raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Choice A is incorrect because the pancreas produces both insulin and glucagon. Choice C is incorrect because the pancreas does not store glucose; instead, it regulates glucose levels. Choice D is incorrect because adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands, not the pancreas, and is not directly involved in regulating blood sugar levels.
Which organ in the body is responsible for filtering toxins from the blood?
- A. Kidneys
- B. Liver
- C. Heart
- D. Lungs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The liver is the organ responsible for filtering toxins from the blood. It plays a crucial role in detoxification by processing and eliminating harmful substances from the body. The kidneys primarily filter waste and excess substances from the blood to form urine, while the heart pumps blood throughout the body and the lungs facilitate gas exchange by oxygenating blood. Therefore, the correct answer is the liver as it is specifically involved in detoxifying the blood.