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When a client asks the clinic nurse why women have more bladder infections than men, which answer is most accurate?
- A. The male urethra is straighter, which facilitates elimination of pathogens.
- B. The male urethra is lined with a layer of mucous membrane, which traps microorganisms.
- C. The female urethra is shorter, and pathogens enter the bladder more easily.
- D. The female urethra has a larger diameter and is more easily contaminated.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The shorter female urethra allows pathogens easier access to the bladder, increasing the risk of bladder infections.
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The UAP tells the nurse the client with ARF has a white crystal-like layer on top of the skin. Which intervention should the nurse implement?
- A. Have the assistant apply a moisture barrier cream to the skin.
- B. Instruct the UAP to bathe the client in cool water.
- C. Tell the UAP not to turn the client in this condition.
- D. Explain this is normal and do not do anything for the client.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The white crystal-like layer is uremic frost, a result of urea crystallizing on the skin due to severe uremia in ARF. This is an expected finding and requires no specific intervention beyond routine skin care and dialysis to address uremia.
The client diagnosed with ARF is admitted to the intensive care department and placed on a therapeutic diet. Which diet is most appropriate for the client?
- A. A high-potassium and low-calcium diet.
- B. A low-fat and low-cholesterol diet.
- C. A high-carbohydrate and restricted-protein diet.
- D. A regular diet with six (6) small feedings a day.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ARF patients require a restricted-protein diet to reduce urea production and a high-carbohydrate diet to provide energy, minimizing protein catabolism. High-potassium diets are contraindicated due to hyperkalemia risk, and low-fat or regular diets are less specific.
The male client diagnosed with CKD has received the initial dose of erythropoietin, a biologic response modifier, one (1) week ago. Which complaint by the client indicates the need to notify the health-care provider?
- A. The client complains of flu-like symptoms.
- B. The client complains of being tired all the time.
- C. The client reports an elevation in his blood pressure.
- D. The client reports discomfort in his legs and back.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Erythropoietin can cause hypertension as a side effect, which is significant in CKD patients and warrants notifying the provider. Flu-like symptoms and fatigue are common and expected, while leg/back discomfort is less specific.
The client with possible renal calculi is scheduled for a renal ultrasound. Which intervention should the nurse implement for this procedure?
- A. Ask if the client is allergic to shellfish or iodine.
- B. Keep the client NPO eight (8) hours prior to the ultrasound.
- C. Ensure the client has a signed informed consent form.
- D. Explain the test is noninvasive and there is no discomfort.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Renal ultrasound is noninvasive, painless, and requires minimal preparation. Explaining this reduces anxiety. No contrast (iodine) is used, NPO is unnecessary, and informed consent is not typically required.
Before administering an analgesic to the client, which information is most important for the nurse to assess?
- A. Whether the urine is bloody
- B. Whether the client has been up walking in the room
- C. Whether the catheter is draining urine
- D. Whether the client has been drinking adequate fluids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ensuring the catheter is draining urine is critical to prevent bladder distention, which could exacerbate discomfort.