Nokea
When a pathogen spreads from the original site to other tissues or organs it is called a(n) __________ infection.
- A. local
- B. focal
- C. natural
- D. acute
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: focal. When a pathogen spreads from the original site to other tissues or organs, it is considered a focal infection. This term specifically refers to an infection that is localized to a specific area but can spread to other parts of the body.
A: Local infection refers to an infection that is confined to a specific area without spreading to other tissues or organs.
C: Natural is not a term commonly used to describe the spread of pathogens within the body.
D: Acute refers to the rapid onset of a disease but does not specifically address the spread of pathogens from one site to another.
In summary, the term "focal" best describes the scenario provided in the question, making it the correct answer.
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An 18-year-old patient has developed candidiasis after the case of pneumonia treated with β- lactam antibiotic. What antimycotic agent should be prescribed?
- A. Streptomycin
- B. Fluconazole
- C. Phthalylsulfathiazole
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fluconazole.
Rationale:
1. Candidiasis is a fungal infection, so an antimycotic agent is needed.
2. β-lactam antibiotics like ampicillin can lead to fungal overgrowth, necessitating an antimycotic.
3. Fluconazole is an antifungal agent effective against Candida species.
4. Streptomycin is an antibiotic, not an antifungal.
5. Phthalylsulfathiazole is an antibacterial sulfonamide, not an antifungal.
6. Ampicillin is an antibiotic, not an antifungal.
Sexually transmitted infection, Lymphogranuloma venerum, is caused by:
- A. Chlamydia pneumoniae
- B. Chlamydia psittaci
- C. Mycoplasma genitalium
- D. Chlamydia trachomatis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Chlamydia trachomatis. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1, L2, and L3. These serovars infect the lymphatic system leading to swelling and inflammation. Choice A, Chlamydia pneumoniae, is associated with respiratory infections, not LGV. Choice B, Chlamydia psittaci, causes psittacosis in birds and humans. Choice C, Mycoplasma genitalium, is a separate STI but is not the causative agent for LGV. The key to the correct answer is understanding the specific pathogen responsible for LGV based on its clinical presentation and mode of transmission.
A man is being treated for chronic pneumonia for a long time. Microscopy of sputum smears stained using Ziehl-Nielsen method reveals red bacilli 0.25x4 microns in size, located separately or sometimes in small clusters. What disease can be suspected?
- A. Pneumococcal pneumonia
- B. Pulmonary actinomycosis
- C. Pulmonary candidiasis
- D. Pulmonary tuberculosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pulmonary tuberculosis. The presence of red bacilli stained with Ziehl-Nielsen method indicates acid-fast bacteria, which are characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The size and appearance of the bacilli described match those of M. tuberculosis. Chronic pneumonia, along with the specific staining pattern, strongly suggests tuberculosis as the likely diagnosis.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, which would not show red bacilli on Ziehl-Nielsen staining.
B: Pulmonary actinomycosis is caused by Actinomyces species, not acid-fast bacteria like M. tuberculosis.
C: Pulmonary candidiasis is caused by Candida species, which are fungi and do not appear as red bacilli on staining.
A patient has roundish ulcers on his face, inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes. These symptoms turned up as a result of mosquito bites. Laboratory examination of discharge from the ulcers revealed unicellular aflagellar organisms. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Dermatotropic leishmaniasis
- B. Toxoplasmosis
- C. Scabies
- D. Trypanosomiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis is Dermatotropic leishmaniasis. The roundish ulcers, lymph node enlargement, and presence of unicellular aflagellar organisms in discharge are characteristic of this parasitic infection transmitted by sandfly bites. Leishmania parasites cause skin lesions and lymphadenopathy. Toxoplasmosis (B) presents with flu-like symptoms, not ulcers. Scabies (C) causes intense itching and burrows, not ulcers. Trypanosomiasis (D) presents with fever, not ulcers. In this case, the symptoms align closely with Dermatotropic leishmaniasis, making it the most likely diagnosis.
The female reproductive system includes the following organs/structures:
- A. Ovaries, kidneys, uterus, vagina
- B. Uterus, vagina, bladder, duodenum
- C. Bladder, ureter, vagina, uterus
- D. Uterus, ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the female reproductive system consists of the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce eggs, the fallopian tubes transport the eggs to the uterus, where fertilization can occur. The vagina is the birth canal and where sperm is deposited during intercourse. The uterus is where a fertilized egg implants and a fetus develops.
Choice A is incorrect because it includes the kidneys, which are part of the urinary system, not the reproductive system.
Choice B is incorrect because it includes the bladder and duodenum, which are part of the urinary and digestive systems, respectively, not the reproductive system.
Choice C is incorrect because it includes the bladder and ureter, which are part of the urinary system, not the reproductive system.