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When an infant cries, a caregiver comes to give comfort so that the infant learns that her needs will be met. This is an example of:
- A. the theory of physical development.
- B. Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
- C. Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
- D. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: This scenario illustrates Erikson's theory of psychosocial development (D), specifically the trust vs. mistrust stage, where consistent caregiving helps the infant develop trust.
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The nurse understands that Erikson's stage of psychosocial development for a 4-year-old is:
- A. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- B. initiative versus guilt.
- C. industry versus inferiority.
- D. identity versus role confusion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: For a 4-year-old, Erikson's stage is initiative vs. guilt (B), where children begin to explore and take initiative but may feel guilt if their actions are criticized.
You are caring for a 10-year-old child who has had major surgery. When you get ready to change his dressing, he begins to scream at you and even tries to hit and bite you. This is an example of:
- A. lack of cognitive development.
- B. attachment behavior.
- C. regression.
- D. lack of moral development.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Regression (C) is a common response to stress or trauma, such as surgery, where a child reverts to earlier behaviors like tantrums or aggression.
A 16-year-old girl comes to the clinic where you work. She is diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease. She tells you she is worried that she might be pregnant. Which is the best response for you to make?
- A. Would you like to have a pregnancy test and find out for sure?'
- B. Do your parents know about this?'
- C. If you are pregnant, I hope you don't plan to keep the baby!'
- D. You should not be sexually active at your age.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Offering a pregnancy test (A) is a nonjudgmental, practical response that addresses the patient's concern and supports her autonomy.
When a baby's cheek is gently touched, he or she will turn toward the stimulus and open his or her mouth to find milk. This is known as:
- A. the sucking reflex.
- B. the rooting reflex.
- C. the startle (Moro) reflex.
- D. Babinski's reflex.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The rooting reflex (B) is the infant's response to cheek stimulation, turning toward it to seek milk.
Which of the following would be of concern to you when you assess a 3-month-old infant?
- A. Rooting reflex is absent.
- B. Sucking reflex is present.
- C. Posterior fontanel is closed.
- D. Infant does not move arms and legs.
- E. Infant grasps your finger and attempts to put it in his mouth.
Correct Answer: A,D
Rationale: An absent rooting reflex (A) and lack of arm/leg movement (D) at 3 months are concerning, as these are expected developmental milestones. A present sucking reflex (B) and grasping (E) are normal, and the posterior fontanel may close by 3 months (C).