Nokea
When children are research participants, __________.
- A. Investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research.
- B. They have the right to concealment of their identity on information collected in the course of research.
- C. There is a need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research.
- D. Informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When children are research participants, it is essential to obtain informed consent from their parents or others who act on their behalf. This is to ensure that the child's rights and well-being are protected during the research process. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving children, as they may not have the capacity to fully understand the implications of their participation. Choice A is incorrect because seeking the opinion of others when in doubt about harmful effects is not a substitute for informed consent. Choice B is incorrect because children do not have an absolute right to conceal their identity in research, especially when it comes to ensuring their safety and well-being. Choice C is incorrect as it is important to inform children or their parents about the results of the research to maintain transparency and respect for their participation.
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Newborn Mariana, who reacts strongly to unpleasant stimuli, is __________.
- A. probably easy to console
- B. susceptible to colic
- C. likely to spend less time in REM sleep
- D. unlikely to respond to swaddling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Newborn Mariana, who reacts strongly to unpleasant stimuli, is described as susceptible to colic. Colic is often characterized by excessive crying and fussiness in newborn babies, which can be challenging to console. This description suggests that Mariana's strong reactions to unpleasant stimuli may make her more prone to colic. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the strong reactions to unpleasant stimuli do not imply being easy to console, affect REM sleep, or responsiveness to swaddling.
Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of __________.
- A. research designs
- B. theories
- C. hypotheses
- D. research methods
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of research methods. Research methods refer to the specific approaches used in conducting research, such as collecting data, analyzing information, and drawing conclusions. In this case, tests and questionnaires are tools used to gather information and data for research purposes, making them examples of research methods. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because research designs refer to the overall structure and plan of a study, theories are explanations developed through research and observation, and hypotheses are specific predictions or statements that can be tested through research.
During the third stage of labor, __________.
- A. the cervix thins to nothing
- B. uterine contractions begin
- C. the placenta is delivered
- D. the baby is born
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the third stage of labor, the correct answer is C, the placenta is delivered. This stage occurs after the baby is born and involves the expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. Choice A is incorrect because the thinning of the cervix to nothing typically occurs during the first stage of labor. Choice B is incorrect as uterine contractions usually begin during the first stage of labor to help with the dilation of the cervix. Choice D is incorrect because the baby is typically born in the second stage of labor, not the third.
According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, __________?
- A. children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
- B. children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
- C. adult teaching is the best way to foster development
- D. rapid development occurs during sensitive periods
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Piaget emphasized that children learn through their own actions and interactions with the environment, leading to cognitive development. Choice B is incorrect because Piaget's theory focuses on children's active engagement in learning rather than passive reinforcement. Choice C is incorrect because Piaget's theory highlights the child's role in constructing knowledge, not solely relying on adult teaching. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to sensitive periods, a concept more associated with other developmental theories like Erikson's psychosocial theory, not Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.
In the __________ period, teratogens rarely have any impact.
- A. germinal
- B. embryonic
- C. fetal
- D. prenatal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the germinal period of prenatal development, which lasts for about the first two weeks after fertilization, the developing organism is a zygote that has not yet implanted in the uterus. During this period, teratogens rarely have any impact because essential implantation and early cellular division processes are occurring. Teratogens are more likely to have significant effects during the later embryonic and fetal periods of development. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, embryonic period, is incorrect because teratogens have a higher likelihood of impacting development during this period. Choice C, fetal period, is also incorrect as teratogens can impact development during this stage as well. Choice D, prenatal, is a broad term encompassing the entire period of development from conception to birth and is not a specific developmental stage where teratogens have a minimal impact.