Nokea
When conducting a review of the literature as part of evidence-based research, the level of evidence that is based on a quasi-experimental study, such as a matched case-control study, would be categorized as
- A. Level I
- B. Level II
- C. Level III
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Quasi-experimental studies fall under Level III evidence.
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A 58-year-old postmenopausal woman presents with a sensation of pelvic heaviness and states she feels like something is sitting in her vagina. On examination, the provider notes a visible protrusion of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall. What structural disorder of the female reproductive system is consistent with these findings?
- A. pelvic floor prolapse
- B. DES exposure
- C. vaginal septum
- D. bladder fistula
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pelvic floor prolapse. This condition is characterized by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments, leading to descent of pelvic organs such as the bladder into the vagina. The patient's symptoms of pelvic heaviness and sensation of something in her vagina are classic signs of pelvic floor prolapse. Examination findings of visible protrusion of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall further support this diagnosis.
Explanation of incorrect choices:
B: DES exposure - This is not a structural disorder of the female reproductive system. DES exposure is associated with adverse effects on reproductive health but does not present with visible bladder protrusion.
C: Vaginal septum - This is a congenital anomaly where the vagina is divided by a septum. It does not typically present with bladder protrusion.
D: Bladder fistula - This is an abnormal connection between the bladder and another structure. While it can cause urinary symptoms, it does not typically present with visible bladder protrusion into the vagina.
Each of the following structures is a part of the vulva except the:
- A. Mons pubis
- B. Labia majora
- C. Perineum
- D. Clitoris
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The perineum is not part of the vulva but rather the area between the vaginal orifice and the anus.
The cervical spine has how many vertebrae?
- A. 2
- B. 5
- C. 7
- D. 8
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 7. The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae, labeled as C1 to C7. Each vertebra plays a vital role in supporting the head and facilitating neck movement. C1 is known as the atlas, C2 is the axis, and C3 to C7 are structurally similar cervical vertebrae. These vertebrae house the spinal cord and provide flexibility for head movements. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the cervical spine does not have 2, 5, or 8 vertebrae. It is crucial to understand the anatomical structure of the spine to determine the correct number of cervical vertebrae.
During stage two of milk production (the postpartum period), hormonal changes include
- A. increased progesterone and decreased prolactin
- B. increased progesterone and decreased estrogen
- C. decreased progesterone and increased prolactin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Progesterone withdrawal and rising prolactin facilitate lactogenesis.
The innermost layer of the wall of the uterus is the stratum:
- A. Myometrium
- B. Compactum
- C. Spongiosum
- D. Basale
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The innermost layer of the uterine wall is the stratum compactum.