Nokea
When educating the mother of a child with respiratory disease who needs a lot of fluids, the mother tells the nurse that when she offers her 24-month-old son juice, he always shakes his head and says, 'No'. The nurse suggests that the mother:
- A. Be firm and hand him the glass
- B. Distract him with some food
- C. Let him see that he is making her angry
- D. Offer him a choice of two things to drink
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Offering a choice can help the child feel more in control and willing to drink. By providing the child with options, the mother empowers him to make a decision, which can increase his willingness to drink fluids. This approach promotes a sense of autonomy and may lead to a more positive response from the child, ultimately contributing to better fluid intake, especially important for a child with a respiratory disease.
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The word hormone is derived from the Greek 'hormao' meaning 'I excite or arouse'. Hormones communicate this effect by their unique chemical structures recognized by specific receptors on their target cells, by their patterns of secretion, and their concentrations in the general or local circulation. Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. Producing new offspring
- B. Promoting growth and beauty
- C. Maintaining body temperature
- D. Fighting infections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
Which of the following are not infectious causes of diarrhea?
- A. Allergy
- B. Bacteria
- C. Parasite
- D. Virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diarrhea can be caused by various infectious agents such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Allergy, on the other hand, is a non-infectious cause of diarrhea. When an individual with a food allergy consumes the specific food they are allergic to, it can trigger diarrhea as a part of the allergic reaction.
Madam Serwaa's 7-month-old baby was admitted to your ward with malnutrition. The child has diarrhea with signs of moderate dehydration but can drink. Which of the following will be the most appropriate fluid for Madam Serwaa's baby?
- A. ORS
- B. Resomal
- C. Rice water
- D. I.V. Ringer's lactate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
Which statement best describes direct contact as a mode of pathogen transmission?
- A. Transmission through large aerosols produced by sneezing or coughing
- B. Transfer of an infectious agent by suspended air particles from a reservoir to a host
- C. Transmission of infectious agents carried by dust
- D. Transmission through skin-to-skin contact or body fluids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Direct contact transmission occurs when pathogens are spread through skin-to-skin contact or body fluids. This mode of transmission includes activities like touching, kissing, or sexual contact where infectious agents can pass directly from one person to another. It does not involve large aerosols, suspended air particles, or dust as carriers of the pathogen.
What is the term for a condition where there is a failure of the pituitary to produce sufficient growth hormone to sustain normal growth in children, with 80% of cases being idiopathic? It may present with familial patterns, affecting males more than females.
- A. Cretinism
- B. Growth hormone deficiency
- C. Hypothyroidism
- D. Precocious puberty
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Growth hormone deficiency refers to a condition where there is inadequate production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. This results in impaired growth in children. While 80% of cases are of unknown cause (idiopathic), some may have familial patterns. It is more common in males than females. Cretinism is a condition of severe hypothyroidism during infancy, not related to growth hormone. Hypothyroidism is a disorder involving low thyroid hormone levels, and precocious puberty is the early onset of puberty. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Growth hormone deficiency.'