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When examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always ________.
- A. influenced by one particular gene.
- B. influenced by multiple genes.
- C. influenced by recessive genes.
- D. not influenced by genes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When examining heredity and mental disorders, it is important to note that these conditions are influenced by multiple genes working together. Mental disorders are complex traits that arise from the interplay of various genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, choice B, 'influenced by multiple genes,' is the correct answer. Choice A, 'influenced by one particular gene,' is incorrect because mental disorders typically do not result from the action of a single gene. Choice C, 'influenced by recessive genes,' is incorrect as it oversimplifies the genetic basis of mental disorders. Choice D, 'not influenced by genes,' is also incorrect as genes play a significant role in the development of mental disorders.
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Distinguish between authoritative and authoritarian parenting.
- A. Authoritative parents are controlling and less communicative.
- B. Authoritarian parents are warm and communicative but set firm limits.
- C. Authoritative parents are less controlling and more communicative.
- D. Authoritarian parents are neither warm nor communicative, often leading to moody, irritable children.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Authoritative parents are warm and communicative while also setting firm limits, creating a balanced and nurturing environment. Authoritarian parents, on the other hand, are controlling, less communicative, and tend to set strict rules without much room for discussion. This approach may lead to children becoming irritable and moody due to the lack of warmth and excessive control. Choices A and C incorrectly mix up the characteristics of authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Choice D, although mentioning irritable children, does not accurately capture the key differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles.
The ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances is called ________.
- A. resilience
- B. hardiness
- C. perseverance
- D. a challenge orientation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Resilience is indeed the correct term for the ability to adapt successfully to difficult circumstances. Resilience involves bouncing back from setbacks, handling stress, and persevering in the face of adversity. Choice B, 'hardiness,' refers more to toughness or durability rather than adapting to difficult circumstances. Choice C, 'perseverance,' is about persistence and determination rather than adaptability. Choice D, 'a challenge orientation,' does not directly relate to the ability to adapt to difficult circumstances, making it an incorrect choice.
Scientific research has demonstrated that the ________ parenting style is most likely to lead to healthy psychological development in children.
- A. authoritative
- B. authoritarian
- C. permissive
- D. neglectful/uninvolved
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, authoritative. Authoritative parenting combines warmth and nurturing with reasonable limits and consistent discipline. This style promotes independence, self-regulation, and social competence in children, leading to healthy psychological development. Choice B, authoritarian parenting, is characterized by strict rules and harsh punishment without much warmth, which can lead to anxiety and lower self-esteem in children. Choice C, permissive parenting, involves few demands and little control, resulting in children lacking self-discipline and social skills. Choice D, neglectful/uninvolved parenting, is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child's emotional needs and can lead to various negative outcomes such as poor self-esteem and emotional issues.
What is the biopsychosocial model?
- A. A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental disorders.
- B. A model that emphasizes the interaction between biological and psychological factors, excluding social influences.
- C. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes only psychological factors in mental disorders.
- D. The biopsychosocial model is a purely biological approach to mental health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The biopsychosocial model is a comprehensive approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental disorders. Choice A is correct because it accurately describes how this model integrates these three factors. Choice B is incorrect as it excludes social influences from the model. Choice C is incorrect because it states that the model only emphasizes psychological factors, which is not true. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that the model is purely biological, which is also inaccurate.
What does the diathesis-stress model entail?
- A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone is sufficient to cause a mental disorder.
- B. The diathesis-stress model involves a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors.
- C. The diathesis-stress model suggests that genetic factors alone cause mental disorders.
- D. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stressors in the environment do not affect the onset of mental disorders.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The diathesis-stress model proposes that mental disorders develop from a combination of genetic vulnerability (the diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because it states that stress alone can cause mental disorders, which is not in line with the model. Choice C is incorrect as it simplifies the model to genetic factors alone causing mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that environmental stressors do not play a role in the onset of mental disorders, which contradicts the essence of the diathesis-stress model.