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When given an intravenous medication, the patient says to the nurse, -I usually take pills. Why does this medication have to be given in the arm? What is the nurse's best answer?
- A. The medication will cause fewer adverse effects when given intravenously.
- B. The intravenous medication will have delayed absorption into the body's tissues.
- C. The action of the medication will begin sooner when given intravenously.
- D. There is a lower chance of allergic reactions when drugs are given intravenously.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An intravenous (IV) injection provides the fastest route of absorption. The IV route does not affect the number of adverse effects, nor does it cause delayed tissue absorption (it results in faster absorption). The IV route does not affect the number of allergic reactions.
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When administering a new medication to a patient, the nurse reads that it is highly protein bound. Assuming that the patient's albumin levels are normal, the nurse would expect which result, as compared to a medication, that is not highly protein bound?
- A. Renal excretion will be faster.
- B. The drug will be metabolized quickly.
- C. The duration of action of the medication will be shorter.
- D. The duration of action of the medication will be longer.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Drugs that are bound to plasma proteins are characterized by longer duration of action. Protein binding does not make renal excretion faster, does not speed up drug metabolism, and does not cause the duration of action to be shorter.
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. Which statement is true regarding parenteral drugs?
- A. Parenteral drugs bypass the first-pass effect.
- B. Absorption of parenteral drugs is affected by reduced blood flow to the stomach.
- C. Absorption of parenteral drugs is faster when the stomach is empty.
- D. Parenteral drugs exert their effects while circulating in the bloodstream.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Drugs given by the parenteral route bypass the first-pass effect. Reduced blood flow to the stomach and the presence of food in the stomach apply to enteral drugs (taken orally), not to parenteral drugs. Parenteral drugs must be absorbed into cells and tissues from the circulation before they can exert their effects; they do not exert their effects while circulating in the bloodstream.
When reviewing the mechanism of action of a specific drug, the nurse reads that the drug works by selective enzyme interaction. Which of these processes describes selective enzyme interaction?
- A. The drug alters cell membrane permeability.
- B. The drug's effectiveness within the cell walls of the target tissue is enhanced.
- C. The drug is attracted to a receptor on the cell wall, preventing an enzyme from binding to that receptor.
- D. The drug binds to an enzyme molecule and inhibits or enhances the enzyme's action with the normal target cell.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: With selective enzyme interaction, the drug attracts the enzymes to bind with the drug instead of allowing the enzymes to bind with their normal target cells. As a result, the target cells are protected from the action of the enzymes. This results in a drug effect. The actions described in the other options do not occur with selective enzyme interactions.
The patient is receiving two different drugs. At current dosages and dosage forms, both drugs have the same concentration of the active ingredient. Which term is used to identify this principle?
- A. Bioequivalent
- B. Synergistic
- C. Proddrugs
- D. Steady state
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Two drugs absorbed into the circulation in the same amount (in specific dosage forms) have the same bioavailability; thus, they are bioequivalent. A drug's steady state is the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed from each dose. The term synergistic refers to two drugs, given together, with a resulting effect that is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug given alone. A prodrug is an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
A drug dose that delivers 10 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.
Correct Answer: 5 mg
Rationale: A drug's half-life is the time required for one half of an administered dose of a drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%. Therefore, one half of 10 mg equals 5 mg.