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When medications have an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect on a tissue, a ________ reaction has occurred.
- A. pharmaceutical
- B. pharmacodynamic
- C. pharmacokinetic
- D. drug incompatibility
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'pharmacodynamic.' Pharmacodynamics pertain to the effect of a drug on receptors, explaining how drugs affect tissues. Pharmaceutical reactions refer to chemical reactions between drugs before administration or absorption, not their effect on tissues. Pharmacokinetic reactions involve how the body affects the drug, not the tissue. Drug incompatibilities are essentially pharmaceutical reactions, not the specific effects on tissues seen in pharmacodynamic reactions.
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Which information obtained from the mother of a child with cerebral palsy most likely correlates to the diagnosis?
- A. She was born at 42 weeks gestation.
- B. She had meningitis when she was 6 months old.
- C. She had physiologic jaundice after delivery.
- D. She has frequent sore throats.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The diagnosis of meningitis at age 6 months correlates to a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy, a neurological disorder, is often associated with birth trauma or infections of the brain or spinal column. Answers A, C, and D are not related to the question. Gestational length (choice A) is not a direct risk factor for cerebral palsy. Physiologic jaundice (choice C) and frequent sore throats (choice D) are not typically associated with cerebral palsy.
The nurse is caring for a dying client who has persistently requested that the nurse 'help her to die and be in peace.' According to the Code of Ethics for Nurses, the nurse should:
- A. Ask the client whether she has signed the advance directives document.
- B. Tell the client that he or she will ask another nurse to care for her.
- C. Instruct the client that only a physician can legally assist in suicide.
- D. Try to make the client as comfortable as possible, but refuse to assist in death.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is to try to make the client as comfortable as possible but refuse to assist in death. According to the Code of Ethics for Nurses, nurses are committed to providing compassionate care, respecting the dignity and rights of the dying person. In this situation, it is important for the nurse to focus on providing comfort and support to the client while upholding ethical standards. Choice A is incorrect because discussing advance directives does not address the immediate request for assistance in dying. Choice B is incorrect as it does not address the ethical dilemma presented. Choice C is incorrect because instructing the client that only a physician can assist in suicide does not fully address the complexity of the situation or the nurse's role in providing end-of-life care.
The client is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The doctor has ordered cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). Which instruction should be given to the client?
- A. "Walk about a mile a day to prevent calcium loss."?
- B. "Increase the fiber in your diet."?
- C. "Report nausea to the doctor immediately."?
- D. "Drink at least eight large glasses of water a day."?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) can cause hemorrhagic cystitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the bladder wall leading to bleeding. To prevent this complication, the client should drink at least eight glasses of water a day. Walking to prevent calcium loss (choice A) and increasing fiber intake (choice B) are not directly related to the side effects of Cytoxan, making them unnecessary instructions in this case. While nausea is a common side effect of chemotherapy, the immediate reporting of nausea to the doctor (choice C) is important but not specifically related to the use of Cytoxan in this scenario.
Activities of effective supervisors can be task-related or people-related activities. An example of a task-related supervisory activity is:
- A. coaching.
- B. evaluating.
- C. delegating.
- D. facilitating.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Delegating is the act of assigning work to those capable and competent to do the work, making it a task-related supervisory activity. Coaching, evaluating, and facilitating are people-related supervisory activities. Coaching involves guiding and developing individuals, evaluating entails assessing performance, and facilitating focuses on enabling tasks and processes. These activities are more centered on interacting with and supporting people rather than directly assigning tasks. Therefore, in the context of task-related activities, delegating stands out as the correct choice.
A 6-year-old with cerebral palsy functions at the level of an 18-month-old. Which finding would support that assessment?
- A. She dresses herself
- B. She pulls a toy behind her
- C. She can build a tower of eight blocks
- D. She can copy a horizontal or vertical line
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'She pulls a toy behind her.' This behavior is consistent with the developmental stage of an 18-month-old who enjoys push-pull toys. Dressing oneself usually begins around 3 years old, building a tower of eight blocks at approximately 3 years old, and copying a horizontal or vertical line at about 4 years old. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they represent skills that are typically observed in older children.