Nokea
When testing how quickly a rat dies based on the amount of poison it eats, which of the following is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable?
- A. How quickly the rat dies is the independent variable; the amount of poison is the dependent variable.
- B. The amount of poison is the independent variable; how quickly the rat dies is the dependent variable.
- C. Whether the rat eats the poison is the independent variable; how quickly the rat dies is the dependent variable.
- D. The cage the rat is kept in is the independent variable; the amount of poison is the dependent variable.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. In this experiment, the independent variable is the amount of poison because it is what is being manipulated by the researcher. The dependent variable is how quickly the rat dies, as it is the outcome that is being measured based on the different amounts of poison administered. Choice A is incorrect because the independent variable should be what is being manipulated or changed, which is the amount of poison in this case. Choice C is incorrect because whether the rat eats the poison is not being varied or controlled by the researcher. Choice D is incorrect because the cage the rat is kept in is not relevant to the relationship being studied between the amount of poison and the rat's survival time.
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Blood type is a trait determined by multiple alleles, with IA and IB being co-dominant: IA codes for A blood and IB codes for B blood, while i codes for O blood and is recessive to both. If an A heterozygote individual and an O individual have a child, what is the probability that the child will have A blood?
- A. 25%
- B. 50%
- C. 75%
- D. 100%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: If an A heterozygote (IAi) and an O individual (ii) have a child, there is a 50% chance the child will inherit the IA allele and have A blood. The A heterozygote can pass on either the IA or i allele, while the O individual can only pass on the i allele. Therefore, the possible genotypes for the child are IAi (A blood) or ii (O blood), resulting in a 50% chance of the child having A blood. Choice A (25%) is incorrect as it does not take into account the possibility of inheriting the IA allele. Choice C (75%) and Choice D (100%) are incorrect as they overestimate the probability of the child having A blood.
What type of vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to other tissues of the body?
- A. Veins
- B. Intestines
- C. Bronchioles
- D. Arteries
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to supply oxygen to the tissues and organs throughout the body. Veins, choice A, carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart, not oxygen-rich blood. Intestines, choice B, are part of the digestive system and do not play a role in carrying blood. Bronchioles, choice C, are small air passages in the lungs responsible for carrying air, not blood.
What do nociceptors detect?
- A. Deep pressure
- B. Vibration
- C. Pain
- D. Temperature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nociceptors are specialized sensory receptors that detect and transmit signals related to pain. These receptors are activated by noxious stimuli that can potentially cause tissue damage or injury, triggering the perception of pain in the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Pain.' Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because nociceptors specifically respond to painful stimuli, not deep pressure, vibration, or temperature.
Which of the following touch receptors respond to light touch and slower vibrations?
- A. Merkel's discs
- B. Pacinian corpuscles
- C. Meissner's corpuscles
- D. Ruffini endings
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Merkel's discs. Merkel's discs are touch receptors that respond to light touch and slower vibrations, making them ideal for detecting subtle tactile stimuli. Pacinian corpuscles are specialized in detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibrations, not light touch or slower vibrations. Meissner's corpuscles, on the other hand, are sensitive to light touch and low-frequency vibrations, but they do not specifically respond to slower vibrations. Ruffini endings are responsible for detecting skin stretch and continuous touch pressure, differentiating them from Merkel's discs, which are specifically attuned to light touch and slower vibrations.
Which of the following serves as a standard or series of standards for comparing the results of an experiment?
- A. A control
- B. A variable
- C. A constant
- D. Collected data
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A control is a standard used to compare the outcomes of an experiment and is crucial for determining the effect of the variables being tested. It helps isolate and measure the impact of the independent variable by providing a baseline for comparison. While variables may change, constants remain consistent, and collected data is the information obtained from the experiment. A control specifically serves as the standard for comparison in an experiment, making it the correct choice. Variables, although important, are what are being altered and tested in an experiment, constants are factors that are kept consistent throughout the experiment, and collected data is the information gathered from the experiment, none of which specifically serve as the standard for comparison.