Nokea
When the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract, which of the following actions does NOT occur?
- A. air moves into the lung
- B. the intrapleural pressure increases
- C. the diaphragm moves inferiorly
- D. the intrapulmonary pressure decreases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When the diaphragm and external intercostals contract, the thoracic cavity expands, causing the lungs to expand and the intrapulmonary pressure to decrease (choice D). This decrease in pressure allows air to flow into the lungs (choice A). The diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction, not superiorly (choice C). The intrapleural pressure actually decreases when these muscles contract, not increases, due to increased thoracic volume and decreased intrapleural pressure acting as a suction to keep the lungs inflated (choice B). Therefore, the correct answer is B, as the intrapleural pressure actually decreases when the diaphragm and external intercostals contract.
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O2 dissociation curve shift to R) by all of the following except
- A. Increase [H+]
- B. pCO2
- C. Increase temperature
- D. Carbon monoxide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide does not shift the O2 dissociation curve to the right (R) because it binds to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than oxygen, causing a leftward shift (L). Increased [H+], pCO2, and temperature all shift the curve to the right by decreasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.
- A. 25 percent
- B. 50 percent
- C. 75 percent
- D. 90 percent
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (75 percent) because under quiet conditions, the venous blood returning to the heart still contains a significant amount of oxygen due to the efficient extraction of oxygen by tissues. This oxygen extraction process typically leaves around 25 percent of oxygen in the venous blood, which is then returned to the heart. Choices A (25 percent), B (50 percent), and D (90 percent) are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the amount of oxygen retained in the blood under quiet conditions. Option A (25 percent) is the amount typically extracted by tissues, so it cannot be the correct answer. Option B (50 percent) is too high, as more oxygen is extracted by tissues. Option D (90 percent) is also too high, as it overestimates the amount of oxygen retained in venous blood.
In human beings, rib case and sternum move upwardly and outwardly during
- A. Exercise
- B. Sudden back injury
- C. Expiration
- D. Inspiration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles contract to lift the rib cage and sternum upward and outward to increase lung volume for air intake. This creates a negative pressure in the lungs, allowing air to be drawn in. In contrast, expiration involves relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, leading to the rib cage and sternum moving downward and inward to expel air. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Inspiration. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not specifically involve the physiological process of rib cage and sternum movement related to breathing.
Which assessment findings aren't consistent with a client diagnosis of right-sided heart failure?
- A. Collapsed neck veins
- B. Distended abdomen
- C. Dependent edema
- D. Decreased appetite
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because collapsed neck veins are not consistent with right-sided heart failure. In right-sided heart failure, venous congestion leads to jugular venous distention, not collapse. Distended abdomen (choice B) occurs due to fluid accumulation in the abdomen, a common finding in right-sided heart failure. Dependent edema (choice C) results from fluid retention in the lower extremities, also seen in right-sided heart failure. Decreased appetite (choice D) can be present due to abdominal discomfort from fluid accumulation. Therefore, the presence of collapsed neck veins is the only assessment finding that is not indicative of right-sided heart failure.
A nurse cares for a client who had a partial laryngectomy 10 days ago. The client states that all food tastes bland. How would the nurse respond?
- A. I will consult the speech therapist to ensure you are swallowing properly.
- B. This is normal after surgery. What types of food do you like to eat?
- C. I will ask the dietitian to change the consistency of the food in your diet.
- D. Replacement of protein, calories, and water is very important after surgery.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Acknowledge client's concern about bland taste.
Step 2: Validate normalcy post-laryngectomy.
Step 3: Assess client's food preferences for individualized care.
Step 4: Encourage open communication for effective care plan.
Step 5: Addressing the issue holistically promotes client-centered care.
Summary:
- A: Focuses on swallowing, not taste.
- C: Addresses food consistency, not taste.
- D: Important but not directly related to client's concern.