Nokea
Where are the osmoreceptors located?
- A. Kidney
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pituitary
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect blood osmolarity changes.
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Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase are enzymes responsible for the chemical breakdown of
- A. starch
- B. maltose
- C. glucose
- D. lactose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Amylase enzymes break down starch into simpler sugars such as maltose during digestion.
In congenital megacolon or Chagas' disease the following is affected:
- A. Muscularis mucosa.
- B. Intestinal lining epithelium
- C. Nerve plexuses of GIT resulting in disturbances in digestive tract motility with dilatation in some areas.
- D. Mucosal glands.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Both conditions affect the enteric nerve plexuses (e.g., Auerbach's and Meissner's), leading to motility issues like dilatation.
Neck of fundic [gastric] gland contain the following except:
- A. Mucous neck cells
- B. Paneth cells
- C. Parietal cells
- D. Stem cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Paneth cells are found in the small intestine, not in gastric glands; the neck contains mucous neck cells, parietal cells, and stem cells.
Which structure is the uppermost part of the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
- A. Esophagus
- B. Liver
- C. Cecum
- D. Sigmoid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The alimentary canal begins at the mouth, followed by the esophagus, making the esophagus the uppermost structure listed.
A patient presents with persistent bloating, gas, and diarrhea after consuming dairy products. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Impaired carbohydrate digestion
- B. Impaired protein digestion
- C. Impaired fat digestion
- D. Impaired lactose digestion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lactose intolerance, due to lactase deficiency, leads to impaired lactose digestion, causing bloating, gas, and diarrhea after dairy consumption.