Nokea
Where is the majority of absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. large intestine
- D. mouth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The majority of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. This is because the small intestine has a large surface area due to its villi and microvilli, which increase the absorption capacity. Additionally, the small intestine contains specialized cells that facilitate the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. In contrast, the stomach's main function is to break down food, the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and the mouth is responsible for initial digestion through chewing and saliva production. Therefore, choice B is correct as it aligns with the anatomical and physiological functions of the digestive system.
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Following a Billroth II procedure
- A. a patient develops dumping syndrome. The nurse should explain that the symptoms associated with this problem are caused by
- B. distention of the smaller stomach by too much food and fluid intake.
- C. hyperglycemia caused by uncontrolled gastric emptying into the small intestine.
- D. irritation of the stomach lining by reflux of bile salts because the pylorus has been removed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dumping syndrome occurs when food moves too rapidly into the small intestine, causing fluid to shift into the bowel and leading to symptoms like nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping.
In the colon, which is benign and has no significant tendency to undergo malignant transformation?
- A. familial polyposis
- B. juvenile polyp
- C. villous adenoma
- D. carcinoid tumors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: juvenile polyp. Juvenile polyps are benign growths commonly found in the colon and rectum of children. They have no significant tendency to undergo malignant transformation due to their non-neoplastic nature. They are typically small, solitary, and have a smooth surface. Familial polyposis (choice A) is a hereditary condition characterized by numerous polyps in the colon, which can progress to colorectal cancer. Villous adenomas (choice C) are precancerous lesions with a higher risk of malignant transformation. Carcinoid tumors (choice D) are neuroendocrine tumors that can be found in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, and have the potential to be malignant.
Bile salts combine with fatty acids to form complexes called _____ that facilitate absorption.
- A. chylomicrons
- B. micelles
- C. globules
- D. lipoproteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: micelles. Bile salts emulsify fats in the small intestine, forming micelles that enhance the absorption of fatty acids. Chylomicrons (A) are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids, not complexes with bile salts. Globules (C) are not specifically related to bile salts and fatty acids. Lipoproteins (D) are also involved in lipid transport but are not the complexes formed by bile salts and fatty acids. Thus, choice B is the correct answer as it directly relates to the process of fat absorption facilitated by bile salts.
The processes of chewing are referred to as _____.
- A. churning
- B. mastication
- C. peristalsis
- D. deglutition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mastication. Mastication refers to the mechanical process of chewing food in the mouth using the teeth and jaws. This process breaks down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. Churning (A) is the mixing of food with digestive enzymes in the stomach. Peristalsis (C) is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Deglutition (D) is the process of swallowing food. Mastication is the most appropriate term for the process of chewing specifically.
You are caring for a client with a nasogastric (NG) tube. Which task can be delegated to the experienced nursing assistant?
- A. Remove the NG tube per physician order.
- B. Secure the tape if the client accidentally dislodges the tube.
- C. Disconnect the suction to allow ambulation to the toilet.
- D. Reconnect the suction after the client has ambulated.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Securing the tape is a non-invasive task within the scope of a nursing assistant. Removing or reconnecting requires nursing assessment and should be done by licensed staff.