Nokea
Which activity is the reticular activating system (RAS) essential to?
- A. Concentration
- B. Wakefulness
- C. Speech
- D. Attention
- E. Memory
- F. Introspection
Correct Answer: A,B,D,F
Rationale: The RAS, located on the brainstem, is essential to wakefulness, attention, concentration, and introspection.
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The nurse assures an anxious family member of a 92-year-old patient who is demonstrating signs of dementia that many causes of dementia are reversible and preventable. Which disorder is one example?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Alzheimer's disease
- C. Diabetes
- D. Parkinson disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Some forms of dementia are reversible. Dementia caused by hypotension, anemia, drug toxicity, metabolic disturbance, and malnutrition can all be corrected to abolish the dementia.
A ___ is a diagnostic procedure used to identify lesions by observing the flow of radiopaque dye through the subarachnoid space.
Correct Answer: myelogram
Rationale: Preparation for this procedure is the same as for lumbar puncture.
Which sign is the cardinal sign of increased intracranial pressure in a patient who has sustained a brain injury?
- A. Pupil changes
- B. Ipsilateral paralysis
- C. Vomiting
- D. Decrease in the level of consciousness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Collection of objective data includes a change in level of consciousness. A change in the level of consciousness is the earliest sign of increased intracranial pressure.
Which is a sign of Cushing response?
- A. Increased pulse rate
- B. Increased blood pressure
- C. Widened pulse pressure
- D. Bradycardia
- E. Increased systolic blood pressure
- F. Uncontrolled thermoregulation
Correct Answer: C,D,E
Rationale: A widened pulse pressure, increased systolic blood pressure, and bradycardia are together called Cushing response. It is considered an important diagnostic sign of late-stage brain herniation.
The waxy substance that covers the neuron fibers and increases the rate of transmission of impulses is the ___
Correct Answer: myelin
Rationale: Myelin is the waxy substance that covers the neuron fibers (axons and dendrites) and increases the rate of transmission of impulses.