Nokea
Which antiparkinsonian drug is associated with the on-off phenomenon and the wearing-off effect?
- A. Amantadine
- B. Levodopa
- C. Benztropine
- D. Pramixole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Levodopa is the antiparkinsonian drug associated with the on-off phenomenon and the wearing-off effect. The on-off phenomenon refers to the sudden and unpredictable fluctuations between periods of symptom control (on) and periods of symptom re-emergence (off) in patients with Parkinson's disease receiving levodopa therapy. This can happen as the disease progresses and the brain becomes less responsive to the medication.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Joel's disorder? a.Hemophilia is an autosomal dominant disorder in which the woman carries the trait
- A. Hemophilia follows regular laws of Mendelian inherited disorders such as sickle ceil anemia
- B. This disorder can be carried by either male or female but occurs in the sex opposite that of the carrier
- C. Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder in which the mother is usually the carrier of the illness but is not affected by it
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder, meaning the gene responsible for hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome. Typically, hemophilia is passed down from a carrier mother to her male offspring who then express the disorder. This is because males have only one X chromosome (inherited from their mother), making them more vulnerable to X-linked disorders. Females have two X chromosomes, which means that even if one carries the hemophilia gene, the other X chromosome may carry a normal gene that can compensate, making females less likely to exhibit symptoms of hemophilia. In this case, Joel's disorder aligns with the typical pattern of inheritance for hemophilia as described in statement C.
In embryonic period, formation of all of the following occur by the given time EXCEPT
- A. 8 days - blastocyst formation
- B. 6 weeks - ectoderm formation
- C. 8 weeks - crown-rump length about 3 cm
- D. 10 weeks - endoderm formation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Endoderm formation occurs much earlier than 10 weeks in the embryonic period.
A nurse is teaching a class on breastfeeding to expectant parents. Which are contraindications for breastfeeding? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in mother
- B. Mastitis
- C. Inverted nipples
- D. Maternal cancer therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in mother: Breastfeeding is contraindicated in mothers with HIV because the virus can be transmitted to the infant through breast milk.
Which is usually the only symptom of pediculosis capitis (head lice)?
- A. Itching
- B. Vesicles
- C. Scalp rash
- D. Localized inflammatory response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most common symptom of pediculosis capitis, also known as head lice infestation, is itching of the scalp. Head lice feed on blood from the scalp, leading to irritation and allergic reactions, causing itching. Itching is often more prominent behind the ears and at the nape of the neck where head lice tend to lay their eggs (nits). While secondary symptoms such as scalp rash, vesicles, and localized inflammatory responses can occur due to scratching or allergic reactions, itching is typically the initial and predominant symptom of head lice infestation.
The physician orders cystoscopy and random biopsies of the bladder for a client who reports painless hematuria. Test results reveal carcinoma in situ in several bladder regions. To treat bladder cancer, the client will have a series of intravesical instillations of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), administered 1 week apart. When teaching the client about BCG, the nurse should mention that this drug commonly causes:
- A. Renal calculi
- B. Delayed ejaculation
- C. Hematuria
- D. Impotence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a form of immunotherapy used to treat bladder cancer by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells in the bladder. One of the common side effects of BCG therapy is hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine. This can be expected due to the irritation caused by the BCG instillations in the bladder lining. Hematuria is usually mild to moderate and can resolve on its own without specific treatment.