Nokea
Which are the most suitable materials for isolation of polio viruses
- A. feces, duodenal and bile content
- B. blood, sputum and urine
- C. only feces
- D. feces, nasopharyngeal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because polio viruses are primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory secretions. Feces, nasopharyngeal swabs, and cerebrospinal fluid are the most suitable materials for isolating polio viruses due to their presence in these body fluids. Feces contain the virus shed from the intestines, nasopharyngeal swabs collect respiratory secretions where the virus may be present, and cerebrospinal fluid is important for detecting the virus in cases of neurological complications. Choices A and B include irrelevant body fluids that are not typically associated with polio virus transmission. Option C is too limited as the virus can also be present in respiratory secretions and cerebrospinal fluid, not just feces.
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A wound swab from a patient with a deep tissue infection revealed Gram-positive rods with terminal spores. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Bacillus cereus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium perfringens. This is because Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive rod bacterium that forms terminal spores. It is commonly associated with deep tissue infections and can cause gas gangrene. Bacillus anthracis (B) causes anthrax and does not typically form spores at the terminal end. Clostridium tetani (C) causes tetanus and Bacillus cereus (D) is more commonly associated with food poisoning. In this case, the presence of terminal spores along with the clinical presentation of a deep tissue infection points towards Clostridium perfringens as the most likely causative agent.
In the sixteenth century a father-and-son team, by the name of __________, produced a compound microscope consisting of a simple tube with lenses at each end.
- A. van Leeuwenhoek
- B. Semmelweis
- C. Janssen
- D. Hooke
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Janssen. In the 16th century, Zacharias Janssen and his father Hans Janssen are credited with inventing the compound microscope. They constructed a simple tube with lenses at each end, allowing for magnification of small objects. This innovation laid the foundation for the development of modern microscopes. Van Leeuwenhoek is known for his contributions to microbiology but did not invent the compound microscope. Semmelweis is known for his work in handwashing and preventing infections. Hooke made significant contributions to microscopy but did not invent the compound microscope.
A 35-year-old patient with a severe respiratory infection had sputum that showed Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Shigella dysenteriae
- C. Campylobacter jejuni
- D. Helicobacter pylori
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Campylobacter jejuni. This bacterium is Gram-negative and comma-shaped, commonly causing respiratory infections. Vibrio cholerae (A) causes cholera, not respiratory infections. Shigella dysenteriae (B) causes dysentery, not respiratory infections. Helicobacter pylori (D) is associated with gastric ulcers, not respiratory infections. Therefore, Campylobacter jejuni is the most likely causative agent based on the given information.
In preparation for business trip abroad the doctor was prescribed a histoschizontocidal antimalarial drug as a personal means of disease prevention. What drug was given to the doctor?
- A. Chingamin
- B. Mefloquine
- C. Biseptol (Co-Trimoxazole)
- D. Quinine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mefloquine. Mefloquine is a histoschizontocidal antimalarial drug commonly prescribed for prevention of malaria in travelers. It is effective against the liver stage of the malaria parasite, which is crucial for preventing the development of the disease. Chingamin (A) is not a commonly used antimalarial drug. Biseptol (C) is a combination antibiotic and is not effective against malaria parasites. Quinine (D) is primarily used for treating malaria, not preventing it, and it is not specifically histoschizontocidal.
A patient ill with amebiasis was prescribed a certain drug. The use of alcohol together with this drug is contraindicated because the drug inhibits metabolism of ethyl alcohol. What drug is it?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Reserpine
- C. Clonidine
- D. Diazepam
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Metronidazole is known to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism.
2. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to accumulation of acetaldehyde, causing unpleasant symptoms when alcohol is consumed.
3. This reaction is known as the disulfiram-like reaction.
4. Reserpine, Clonidine, and Diazepam do not have this specific mechanism of action.
Summary:
- Option A (Metronidazole) is correct due to its inhibition of alcohol metabolism.
- Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not exhibit this interaction with alcohol metabolism.