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Which bacteria is responsible for causing botulism?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Bacillus anthracis
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium is responsible for causing botulism due to its production of botulinum toxin, which is one of the most potent neurotoxins known. Clostridium botulinum thrives in anaerobic conditions like improperly canned foods. Staphylococcus aureus (B), Bacillus anthracis (C), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (D) do not produce the botulinum toxin and are not associated with botulism. Staphylococcus aureus is known for causing food poisoning, Bacillus anthracis for anthrax, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for various infections, but not botulism.
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RNA viruses belong to which of the following types according to the Baltimore classification system?
- A. I, II, III
- B. II, III, IV
- C. I, IV, V
- D. III, IV, V
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: III, IV, V.
1. RNA viruses belong to Group III of the Baltimore classification system because their genetic material is single-stranded RNA.
2. They are also categorized under Group IV as they use reverse transcriptase to replicate their genetic material.
3. Finally, RNA viruses fall under Group V as they have an envelope derived from the host cell membrane.
Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not include all the correct groups that RNA viruses belong to according to the Baltimore classification system.
Sexually transmitted infection, Lymphogranuloma venerum, is caused by:
- A. Chlamydia pneumoniae
- B. Chlamydia psittaci
- C. Mycoplasma genitalium
- D. Chlamydia trachomatis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Chlamydia trachomatis. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1, L2, and L3. These serovars infect the lymphatic system leading to swelling and inflammation. Choice A, Chlamydia pneumoniae, is associated with respiratory infections, not LGV. Choice B, Chlamydia psittaci, causes psittacosis in birds and humans. Choice C, Mycoplasma genitalium, is a separate STI but is not the causative agent for LGV. The key to the correct answer is understanding the specific pathogen responsible for LGV based on its clinical presentation and mode of transmission.
In an urban settlement situated on the riverbank, an outbreak of hepatitis A was registered. The disease might have water origin. This assumption can be confirmed by growth of the following values of water quality:
- A. Number of coli-phages
- B. Escherichia coli index
- C. Oxidability
- D. Index of fecal coli-forms
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Index of fecal coli-forms. Fecal coli-forms are bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their presence in water indicates fecal contamination, which is a common source of hepatitis A transmission. Monitoring the index of fecal coli-forms can help identify potential sources of contamination and assess the risk of disease transmission.
A: Number of coli-phages - Coli-phages are viruses that infect coliform bacteria and are not directly related to fecal contamination.
B: Escherichia coli index - While E. coli is a type of coliform bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, it alone may not be a reliable indicator of fecal contamination in water sources.
C: Oxidability - Oxidability is a measure of the water's ability to react with oxygen and does not provide direct information about fecal contamination or the presence of pathogens like hepatitis A.
In summary,
When a pathogen spreads from the original site to other tissues or organs it is called a(n) __________ infection.
- A. local
- B. focal
- C. natural
- D. acute
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: focal. When a pathogen spreads from the original site to other tissues or organs, it is considered a focal infection. This term specifically refers to an infection that is localized to a specific area but can spread to other parts of the body.
A: Local infection refers to an infection that is confined to a specific area without spreading to other tissues or organs.
C: Natural is not a term commonly used to describe the spread of pathogens within the body.
D: Acute refers to the rapid onset of a disease but does not specifically address the spread of pathogens from one site to another.
In summary, the term "focal" best describes the scenario provided in the question, making it the correct answer.
What is the role of bacterial enzymes like amylase and protease?
- A. Break down toxins
- B. Facilitate movement
- C. Catalyze biochemical reactions like digestion
- D. Promote spore formation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because bacterial enzymes like amylase and protease catalyze biochemical reactions like digestion. Amylase breaks down carbohydrates, while protease breaks down proteins. This process is essential for bacterial metabolism and nutrient acquisition.
Choice A (Break down toxins) is incorrect because bacterial enzymes are primarily involved in nutrient breakdown, not toxin degradation.
Choice B (Facilitate movement) is incorrect as enzymes are not directly involved in bacterial movement.
Choice D (Promote spore formation) is incorrect because enzymes like amylase and protease are not directly involved in spore formation.