Which body system is NOT a part of the excretory system?
- A. respiratory system
- B. digestive system
- C. circulatory system
- D. urinary system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The circulatory system transports substances but is not directly part of excretion.
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Food and chyme are pushed through the digestive system by:
- A. ingestion
- B. mastication
- C. assimilation
- D. peristalsis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that propel food and chyme through the digestive tract.
Trypsin is an endopeptidase. What does this mean?
- A. It breaks the protein from the ends and middle forming smaller molecules
- B. It breaks the protein from the ends forming amino acids
- C. It breaks down carbohydrates forming sugars
- D. It breaks the protein in the middle of the molecule forming smaller polypeptides
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Trypsin, an endopeptidase, cleaves peptide bonds within protein chains, producing smaller polypeptides.
Isthmus of fundic [gastric] gland contain the following except:
- A. Surface epithelial cells
- B. Parietal cells
- C. Chief cells.
- D. Stem cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The isthmus contains stem cells, surface epithelial cells, and parietal cells, but chief cells are found deeper in the gland body and base.
How many muscles does the action of swallowing use?
- A. 92
- B. 6
- C. 60
- D. 29
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Swallowing involves approximately 29 muscles, including those in the pharynx and esophagus, coordinated by the autonomic nervous system.
Ito cells, all true except:
- A. Hepatic stellate cells that store vitamin A.
- B. Liver cirrhosis, these cells may differentiate into myofibroblasts to synthesize collagen & induce fibrosis.
- C. One of the contents of the perisinusoidal space
- D. They are highly phagocytic cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ito (stellate) cells store vitamin A and contribute to fibrosis, but Kupffer cells, not Ito cells, are phagocytic.