Nokea
Which client has the highest risk of ovarian cancer?
- A. 30-year old woman taking contraceptives
- B. 45-year old woman who has never been pregnant
- C. 40-year old woman with three children
- D. 36-year old woman who had her first child at age 22
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: One of the major risk factors for ovarian cancer is nulliparity, which means never having been pregnant. This is because pregnancy and childbirth have a protective effect against ovarian cancer. Women who have never been pregnant are at a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer compared to women who have had children. Age is also a significant risk factor for ovarian cancer, with the risk increasing as women get older. Therefore, the 45-year old woman who has never been pregnant has the highest risk of ovarian cancer among the given clients.
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Failure to thrive (FTT) is a descriptive term given to malnourished infants and young children who fail to meet expected standards of growth. Of the following, the growth parameter that is usually not affected by malnutrition is
- A. weight
- B. height
- C. weight for height ratio
- D. head circumference
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Head circumference is less likely to be affected by short-term malnutrition because brain growth is prioritized during infancy and early childhood.
One of the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure is uremic frost. Which best describes this term?
- A. Deposits of urea crystals in urine
- B. Deposits of urea crystals on skin
- C. Overexcretion of blood urea nitrogen
- D. Inability of body to tolerate cold temperatures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Uremic frost is a term used to describe the presence of urea crystals on the skin of individuals with chronic renal failure. As kidney function declines in chronic renal failure, the body is unable to effectively excrete waste products such as urea. Urea can then be deposited on the skin when sweating, leading to the formation of white or frost-like crystals, giving the appearance of "uremic frost." This condition is a visible indicator of severe kidney dysfunction and the buildup of waste products in the body.
Radiotherapy is an effective modality of treatment in variable pediatric solid tumors. Of the following, the LEAST responsive tumor to radiotherapy is
- A. rhabdomyosarcoma
- B. neuroblastoma
- C. nephroblastoma
- D. osteosarcoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteosarcoma is relatively radioresistant compared to other listed tumors.
Place in order the expected sequence of fine motor developmental milestones for an infant beginning with the first milestone achieved and ending with the last milestone achieved. Provide answer using lowercase letters separated by commas (e.g., a, b, c, d, e).
- A. Voluntary palmar grasp
- B. Reflex palmar grasp
- C. Puts objects into a container
- D. Neat pincer grasp
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: 1. Reflex palmar grasp (B) - Infants are born with a reflex called the palmar grasp reflex, which means they automatically close their fingers around an object placed in their palm. This reflex typically disappears around 3-4 months of age.
Which blood gas analyses are most indicative of respiratory acidosis?
- A. pH = 7.22, PCO2 = 55 mmHg, HCO3 = 30 mEq/L.
- B. pH = 7.28, PCO2 = 45 mmHg, HCO3 = 15 mEq/L.
- C. pH = 7.34, PCO2 = 35 mmHg, HCO3 = 25 mEq/L.
- D. pH = 7.40, PCO2 = 25 mmHg, HCO3 = 30 mEq/L.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis is indicated by a low pH and elevated PCO2, as seen in option A.