Nokea
Which condition is most commonly associated with a 'sunset sign' in infants?
- A. Hydrocephalus
- B. Meningitis
- C. Cerebral palsy
- D. Encephalitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The 'sunset sign,' characterized by downward-driven eyes, is most commonly associated with hydrocephalus. This condition causes increased intracranial pressure, leading to the eyes appearing to be forced downward. Meningitis (choice B) typically presents with symptoms such as fever, headache, and a stiff neck, but not the 'sunset sign.' Cerebral palsy (choice C) is a group of disorders affecting movement and muscle coordination, not directly related to the 'sunset sign.' Encephalitis (choice D) is inflammation of the brain, which can cause symptoms like fever, headache, and confusion, but not the specific downward eye gaze seen in the 'sunset sign.'
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The nurse observes that a newborn is having problems after birth. What should indicate a tracheoesophageal fistula?
- A. Jitteriness
- B. Meconium ileus
- C. Excessive frothy saliva
- D. Increased need for sleep
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excessive frothy saliva is a hallmark sign of tracheoesophageal fistula. The abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea causes difficulty in swallowing, leading to an accumulation of saliva in the mouth. This symptom is crucial for early identification and management of tracheoesophageal fistula. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are not specific indicators of tracheoesophageal fistula.
What is the recommended position for a child with epiglottitis to ease breathing?
- A. Supine
- B. Prone
- C. Tripod
- D. Semi-Fowler's
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Tripod.' In children with epiglottitis, the tripod position is recommended to help open the airway and ease breathing. This position involves the child sitting upright, leaning forward, and supporting themselves with their hands on their knees or another surface. This posture helps improve air entry into the lungs by maximizing the space for breathing. Choices A (Supine), B (Prone), and D (Semi-Fowler's) are incorrect. Placing a child with epiglottitis in the supine position may further obstruct the airway, while the prone position and semi-Fowler's position do not facilitate optimal air exchange in these cases.
What is the most effective way to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
- A. Use a firm mattress
- B. Place the baby on their back to sleep
- C. Keep the room warm
- D. Breastfeed exclusively
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is to place the baby on their back to sleep. This position is the most effective way to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) according to research and recommendations from healthcare providers. Choice A, using a firm mattress, is important for infant safety but not as directly related to preventing SIDS. Keeping the room warm, as mentioned in choice C, is not recommended as it may increase the risk of SIDS. While breastfeeding has many benefits, choice D, breastfeeding exclusively is not the most effective method for preventing SIDS.
In pediatric patients, what is the primary concern with untreated vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?
- A. Recurrent UTIs
- B. Chronic renal failure
- C. Hypertension
- D. Bladder dysfunction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary concern with untreated vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in pediatric patients is chronic renal failure. Untreated VUR can lead to this complication due to recurrent urinary tract infections and kidney damage. While recurrent UTIs (Choice A) are a common consequence of VUR, the ultimate worry is the development of chronic renal failure. Hypertension (Choice C) may occur as a result of renal damage but is not the primary concern. Bladder dysfunction (Choice D) is not the most significant consequence of untreated VUR in terms of long-term outcomes compared to chronic renal failure.
Which of the following is a key feature of autism spectrum disorder?
- A. Delayed speech development
- B. Hyperactivity
- C. Lack of interest in toys
- D. Aggressive behavior
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Delayed speech development is a significant feature of autism spectrum disorder. Many children with autism exhibit delays in speech and language development, which can be one of the early signs of the condition. Hyperactivity, lack of interest in toys, and aggressive behavior are not key defining features of autism spectrum disorder. While some individuals with autism may exhibit these behaviors, they are not universally characteristic of the disorder.