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Which defense function is a specialty of both IgG and IgA antibody?
- A. Neonatal immunity
- B. Opsonization
- C. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells
- D. Complement activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Opsonization. Both IgG and IgA antibodies can participate in opsonization, which involves tagging pathogens for destruction by phagocytes. IgG and IgA have specific receptors on phagocytes that recognize the tagged pathogens, enhancing their clearance. Neonatal immunity (choice A) is primarily mediated by IgG antibodies transferred from mother to fetus. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells (choice C) is mainly associated with IgE antibodies in allergic reactions. Complement activation (choice D) mainly involves IgM and IgG antibodies, leading to a cascade of reactions for pathogen elimination.
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Which cells play a key role in linking innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. B cells
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. Eosinophils
- D. NK cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses by capturing and presenting antigens to T cells, thus initiating the adaptive immune response. They are crucial for activating T cells and initiating specific immune responses.
A: B cells are responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune response, not for linking innate and adaptive immunity.
C: Eosinophils are primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions, not in linking innate and adaptive immunity.
D: NK cells are part of the innate immune system and are involved in detecting and killing infected cells, but they do not directly link innate and adaptive immunity.
If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required, we need to directly inject the preformed antibodies. This type of immunisation is known as:
- A. Active Immunisation
- B. Passive immunisation
- C. Allergic immunisation
- D. No such type of immunisation exist
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Passive immunisation involves injecting preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against microbes. This is suitable for quick immune response in infected individuals. Active immunisation, on the other hand, stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies over time, which is not ideal for immediate protection. Allergic immunisation is unrelated to providing antibodies. There is no immunisation type of "No such type of immunisation exist."
Concerning with NLRs, which of the following is NOT correct
- A. Are cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs
- B. Include NOD receptors
- C. In Drosophila also important for embryonic development
- D. Similar proteins are also found in plants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because NLRs are not important for embryonic development in Drosophila. NLRs are primarily involved in immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the cytosol. Choice A is correct as NLRs are indeed cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs. Choice B is correct as NOD receptors are a subset of NLRs. Choice D is correct as similar proteins to NLRs are also found in plants, known as NBS-LRR proteins. Therefore, the incorrect statement is C, as NLRs are not essential for embryonic development in Drosophila.
What are the essential nursing actions that should be taken for a client with an immune system disorder?
- A. Monitor client for depression.
- B. Monitor client for infusion reactions.
- C. Review drug references.
- D. Advise the client on modifying the home environment.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Monitoring for infusion reactions is critical as clients with immune disorders often receive biologic therapies that can cause severe allergic or infusion-related reactions.
What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
- A. It may last 2 to 3 weeks.
- B. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissue.
- C. Infective endocarditis is an example of chronic inflammation.
- D. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation occurs when the cause of the initial injury persists or recurs, leading to ongoing tissue damage and repair. Unlike acute inflammation, it involves lymphocytes and macrophages rather than neutrophils.